Understanding public health vs population health - by Clara Carr, RD

After years of working in clinical settings, I have come to realise that my impact is limited when focusing solely on individual patients or small groups. Engaging in population-level interventions has proven to be more strategic, expansive and rewarding, prompting my interest in public health. Public health encompasses a wide range of activities, including disease prevention, health promotion and health protection.
My experience in population health interventions began with enhancing nutrition screening and education and improving referral processes to dietitians, whilst working in care homes for the elderly. This involved collaboration with essential stakeholders, including primary care referrers, local councils, social workers, care home staff and patients. By reviewing and enhancing the referral pathways in care homes, we achieved more appropriate referrals and improved nutritional care for residents, coupled with better training facilitated by the local council, which incorporated mandatory training into contracts. This approach also considers broader health determinants and environmental factors, aiming to mitigate health inequalities and enhance access for various populations.
In my initial position in Scotland, I collaborated with Dietetic Manager, Jacqueline Walker, in Moray, who takes a Healthcare Public Health approach in dietetic services. I contributed to a project assessing a new digital resource developed by Health Improvement Scotland called the Right Decision Service – Prevent the Progress of Diabetes (Project 1). This approach emphasises the quality and accessibility of NHS healthcare services through a population-centric lens.
The three projects I have worked on are particularly exciting, as they leverage digital innovations in public health interventions across Scotland.
Project 1: Piloting the right decision service: preventing the progress of diabetes

This initiative consolidates resources relevant to specific groups from various sources, including Diabetes UK, the British Dietetic Association and local NHS diabetes and weight management websites. It targets three groups: those with prediabetes, those with gestational diabetes, and individuals recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who qualify for remission. The goal is to ensure patients can access appropriate resources and services promptly following their diagnosis.(1)
We selected suitable patients from a large GP practice to evaluate the impact of these resources, which included a brief orientation from a dietitian and follow-up calls (most patients opted in). Patients found the app user-friendly, reporting increased confidence, motivation, and behavioural changes. Highly motivated patients could use the app for self-referral, while less motivated individuals may benefit from additional support from other health professionals. The recommendation is to further develop the RDS app and expand its availability, starting regionally and then nationally. The report can be found here: Brogan-etal-DHI-2025-Developing-a-digitally-enabled-universal-service-model.pdf
Project 2: Development of a national digital type 2 diabetes
remission program in Scotland
The Scottish Government has allocated £4.5 million over three years for a digital program aimed at 3000 individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes across Scotland. This funding will be directed to the Accelerated National Innovation Adoption (ANIA) program at the NHS Golden Jubilee Hospital, which will oversee the national implementation and delivery of the program.(2)
The ANIA pathway is coordinated by the National Centre for Sustainable Delivery and collaborates with NHS National Services Scotland, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Public Health Scotland, and NHS Education for Scotland. It focuses on integrating proven medical innovations into the NHS to enhance healthcare services.
Project 3: Diabetes Prevention
The next priority is diabetes prevention, where Scotland can draw insights from England's National Diabetes Prevention Program.
Jacqueline Walker, a Scottish government advisor, chairs the National Clinical Advisory Group meetings involving key stakeholders from across Scotland. The objective is to provide patients with access to the necessary information and services through a digital platform that captures relevant details. This allows individuals to identify eligible resources and programs for self-referral or clinician referrals, streamlining the current manual processes. This will also include digital prevention programs aimed at enhancing lifestyle and dietary choices, directing patients to appropriate services.
The vision and impact of these public health initiatives
The vision of these projects is to create a wellness-oriented environment (innovation ecosystem/Living Lab) where individuals and communities actively prevent illness, decrease obesity rates, shape digital health innovations and skills, and validate the benefits of innovative product-service solutions. This will empower individuals and bolster public health, economic growth and social welfare.
The positive economic impact will enhance business growth, job creation and public sector efficiency within the expanding ‘Wellness Economy’ (increased Gross Value Added or productivity). There will be a positive social impact too, in boosting public health and wealth outcomes, workforce participation, fostering a healthier ageing workforce, increasing productivity, and promoting digital inclusion.
And let's not forget the environmental impact: lowering healthcare-related emissions through digital interventions and remote self-management.
End note
These three projects represent just a few examples of public health initiatives that involve dietitians, and it is exciting to consider what the future may hold.

Clara is currently working in Public Health in Scotland. She inherited a love of food from her father and discovered a passion for health on a population level.
Clara Carr, RD, NHS Grampian
References
https://rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk/prevent-the-progress-of-diabetes/
Scottish Government News Improving health through innovation: https://www.gov.scot/news/improving-health-through-innovation/
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