References April 25 - issue 198

UP FRONT from the Editor

  1. Daylight Savings Time: Why the clocks changing can affect our health. https://patient.info/news-and-features/daylight-savings-time-why-the-clocks-changing-can-affect-our-health

  2. British Summer Time - Historic UK. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/British-Summer-Time/

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - DOES HEALTHY EATING BREAK THE BANK? EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE

  1. The Food Foundation. Broken Plate Report 2025. Available at: https://foodfoundation.org.uk/publication/broken-plate-2025

  2. Rao M et al (2013). Do healthier foods and diet patterns cost more than less healthy options? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 3(12):e004277. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004277

  3. Hoenink et al (2024). Changes in UK price disparities between healthy and less healthy foods over 10 years: An updated analysis with insights in the context of inflationary increases in the cost-of-living from 2021. Appetite. 197:107290. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107290

  4. Kahleova et al (2023). Vegan Diet and Food Costs Among Adults With Overweight: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 6(9):e2332106. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.32106

  5. Springmann et al (2021). The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study. Lancet Planet Health. 5(11):e797-e807. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00251-5

  6. Vandevijvere et al (2020). The Cost of Diets According to Their Caloric Share of Ultraprocessed and Minimally Processed Foods in Belgium. Nutrients. 12(9):2787. doi: 10.3390/nu12092787

  7. Crossley et al (2018). A structural analysis of the decline of home-cooked food. Available at: www.bc.edu/content/dam/bc1/schools/mcas/economics/pdf/seminars/CGJL.pdf

  8. Statista. Changes in eating habits and food-related behavior for financial reasons in the past 12 months in the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) in 2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1402820/changes-in-food-related-behavior-for-financial-reasons-in-the-uk/

  9. Mackay et al (2017). Paying for convenience: comparing the cost of takeaway meals with their healthier home-cooked counterparts in New Zealand. Public Health Nutr. 20(13):2269-2276. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000805

COVER STORY: SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH DEMYSTIFIED: A DIETITIAN’S GUIDE by Sandeepa Soni RD, BSc, PGDip

  1. Knez et al, (2024). Nutrition. The importance of food quality, gut motility and microbiome in SIBO development and treatment. Nutrition. 124:112464

  2. Ginnebaugh et al (2022). Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth How to Diagnose and Treat (and Then Treat Again) 49 pp 571-587.

  3. Souza et al (2020). World journal of Clinical cases. Diet and intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Is there evidence? May 10 (15), 4713 – 4716

  4. Grace et al, (2013). Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Review article: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, prevalence, clinical features, current and developing diagnostic tests and treatment. 38:674-688

  5. Shah et al, (2020). The American Journal of Gastroenterology.  Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta -analysis of case-control studies.  115:190-201

  6. Wielgosz-Grochowska et al (2022). Nutrients. Efficacy of an irritable bowel syndrome diet in the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A narrative review. 143382

  7. Rej et al. (2022). The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Evidence Based and emerging diet recommendations for small bowel disorders June Vol 117:958-964.

  8. Anderson et al, (2015). American Journal of Gastroenterology. Management of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, (SIBO) through dietary and nutritional intervention  110 (SUPPL. 1): S997

  9. Eamonn et al, (2020). Gastroenterology. Clinical Practice Guidelines, AGA Clinical Practice update on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Expert Review. 159:1526-1532

COW’S MILK PROTEIN ALLERGY: THE INFANT’S JOURNEY by Hazel Duncan, RD

  1. Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, Bahna SL, von Berg A, Beyer K et al. World Allergy Organisation (WAO) diagnosis and rationale for action against cow’s milk allergy (DRACMA) guidelines. World Allergy Organ J. 2010; 3(4): 57-161

  2. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Food allergy in children and young people. Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people in primary care and community settings. NICE clinical guideline 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg116/evidence/full-guideline-136470061. BSACI

  3. Venter C, Brown T, Meyer R et al. Better recognition, diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy in infancy: iMAP – an international interpretation of the MAP (Milk Allergy in Primary Care) guideline. Clin Transl Allergy 7, 26 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-017-0162-y

  4. Fox A, Brown T, Walsh J et al. An update to the Milk Allergy in Primary Care guideline. Clin Transl Allergy 9, 40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0281-8

TARGETED LIVE BACTERIA: A NECESSARY EVOLUTION IN GUT HEALTH? by Dr Megan Rossi, RD

  1. Research commissioned by Opinium on behalf of SMART STRAINS®. 2000 Nationally Representative UK Respondents, aged 18+ 03.01.2025 - 0.6.01.2025

  2. McFarland LV. Future Microbiology Volume 3, 2008 – issue 5

  3. Data on file December 2024 based on England population by age group 2023 | Statista (accessed Dec. 2024)

  4. Armuzzi et al Digestion 2001;63:1–7

  5. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Prevalence of the Common Cold. (accessed December 2024)

  6. Rautava et al. Br J Nutr 2009;101:1722-1726 and Smith TJ et al British Journal of Nutrition (2013), 109, 1999–2007

  7. Zhao et al. Probiotics for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Issue 8. Art.No. CD006895

  8. Smith TJ et al British Journal of Nutrition (2013), 109, 1999–2007

  9. Wolke D et al. J Pediatr 2017;185:55 61.e4

  10. Vik T. et al. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Aug;98(8):1344-8

  11. Chen K. et al. Beneficial Microbes, 2021; 12(6): 531-540 and Nocerino R et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:110–120.

  12. Vaginal infections (Vaginitis): Types, symptoms and causes | Bupa UK (accessed January 2025)

  13. Russo et al. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2018) 298:139–145; Russo R, et al. Benef Microbes. 2019;10(1):19-26; Russo R, Superti F, Karadja E, De Seta F. Mycoses. 2019;62(4):328-335

DYSPHAGIA: AN NHD GUIDE FOR DIETITIANS

For more on dysphagia, download the NHD Fact File here: www.nhdmag.co.uk/nhdfactfiles.

  1. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (2010). https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/dysphagia. Accessed online March 2021

  2. Goyal R, Mashimo H. Physiology of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal motility. In GI Motility online (2006). https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo1.html Accessed online March 2021

  3. Krebbers I, Simon SR, Pilz W, Kremer B, Winkens B, Baijens LWJ. Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Dysphagia and Affective Symptoms. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. 2020 Jul 3; 1-8

  4. Vose AK, Kesneck S, Sunday K, Plowman E, Humbert I (2018). A Survey of Clinician Decision Making When Identifying Swallowing Impairments and Determining Treatment. J Speech Lang Hear Res 61, 2735-2756. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0212

  5. Langmore SE, Pisegna JM (2015). Efficacy of exercises to rehabilitate dysphagia: A critique of the literature. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 17, 222-229. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2015.1024171

  6. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) Clinical guidance: Dysphagia [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rcslt.org/members/clinical-guidance/dysphagia/dysphagia-guidance#section-17

  7. Dysphagia and eating, drinking and swallowing needs overview. 2022 [online]. Available at: https://www.rcslt.org/speech-and-language-therapy/clinical-information/dysphagia/#:~:text=Recent%20research%20has%20found%20the,children%20with%20general%20neurodevelopmental%20disabilities [Accessed 24 Feb 2022]

  8. Dysphagia in people with learning difficulties: reasonable adjustments guidance. 2016. 8 May [online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dysphagia-and-people-with-learning-disabilities/dysphagia-in-people-with-learning-difficulties-reasonable-adjustments-guidance [Accessed 24 Feb 2022]

  9. Nazarko L. Dysphagia in the older person: an update. Practice Nursing [Internet]. 2022 Jul 2 [cited 2024 Oct 31];33(7). Available from: https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/dysphagia-in-the-older-person-an-update

  10. Weight loss in later life not a normal part of ageing [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https://www.ageuk.org.uk/latest-press/archive/weight-loss-in-later-life-not-a-normal-part-of-ageing/

  11. Greener M. Dysphagia. GM. 2009 Aug; 458-464. [online] Available at: https://www.gmjournal.co.uk/media/21598/aug2009p458.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb 2022]

  12. Tagliaferri S, Laurentani F, Pelá G, Meschi T and Maggio M. The risk of dysphagia is associated with malnutrition and poor functional outcomes in a large population of outpatient older individuals. Clinical Nutrition. 2019. 38 (6); 2684-2689

  13. Your Guide to Safe Swallowing and Easy Eating. [online] Available from: https://www.nutricia.co.uk/content/dam/dam/amn/local/gb/approved/nutricia/guide-to-safe-swallowing-and-easy-eating.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb 2022]

  14. Lieber AC, Hong E, Putrino D, Nistal DA, Pan JS, Kellner CP. Nutrition, Energy Expenditure, Dysphagia, and Self-Efficacy in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Review of the Literature. Brain Sci. 2018 Dec 7; 8(12): 218. doi:10.3390/brainsci8120218

  15. Karagiannis M, Karagiannis TC. Oropharyngeal dysphagia, free water protocol and quality of life: an update from a prospective clinical trial. Hell J Nucl Med. 2014 Jan-Apr;17 Suppl 1:26-9. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24392465/

  16. Pooyania, S, Vandurme, L, Daun R, Buchel C. Effects of a Free Water Protocol on Inpatients in a Neuro-Rehabilitation Setting. Open J Ther Rehabil. 2015; 3(4)132-138. doi: 10.4236/ojtr.2015.34018

  17. 17 IDSI ciceroCichero, J. A. Y., Steele, C., Duivestein, J., Clavé, P., Chen, J., Kayashita, J., & Dantas, R. (2017). The Need for International Terminology and Definitions for Texture-Modified Foods and Thickened Liquids Used in Dysphagia Management: Foundations of a Global Initiative and Framework. Dysphagia, 32(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9758-y

  18. Wong MC, Chan KMK, Wong TT, Tang HW, Chung HY, Kwan HS. Quantitative Textural and Rheological Data on Different Levels of Texture-Modified Food and Thickened Liquids Classified Using the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Guideline. Foods. 2023; 12(20):3765. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203765

  19. IDDSI (2023). International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Framework. Available at: https://www.iddsi.org/

  20. Robbins Robbins, J., Kays, S., Gangnon, R., Hind, J. A., Hewitt, A. L., & Gentry, L. R. (2007). The Effects of Lingual Exercise in Stroke Patients with Dysphagia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(2), 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.11.002

  21. Carnaby Carnaby-Mann, G., Crary, M. (2010). McNeill Dysphagia Therapy Program: A Case-Control Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(5), 743-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.013

  22. Rofes, L., Arreola, V., Martin, A., & Clavé, P. (2013). Natural History of Swallowing Dysfunction in the Elderly: Single, Repetitive, and Volitional Swallowing in the Healthy Elderly Population. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108(4), 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.76


FROM THE WILTSHIRE FARM FOODS DIETITIANS by Sophia Cornelius

SARCOPENIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

  1. Paddon-Jones D et al (2008). Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of ageing. A J Clin Nutr, 87, pp1562-1566. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523236655?via%3Dihub [Accessed 06.03.2025]

  2. Lin YC, Chen ZJ, Tung HH, Ye YJ, Lai HY, Hsiao FY, Chen LK. Association between possible sarcopenia and domain-specific cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults: Insights from the Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan. Exp Gerontol. 2024;194:112487. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112487

  3. Zhang C, Peng W, Liang W, Guo T, Hu K, Su W, Chen Y, Ning M, Liu Y. Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in older adults: Long-term prognostic implications based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014). Exp Gerontol. 2024;196:112561. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112561

  4. Deer RR, Volpi E. Protein intake and muscle function in older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015 May;18(3):248-53. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000162. PMID: 25807346; PMCID: PMC4394186

  5. Ganapathy A, Nieves JW. Nutrition and sarcopenia—What do we know? Nutrients. 2020 Jun 11;12(6):1755. doi:10.3390/nu12061755


ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE by Karen Voas-Wootton, RD

  1. NHS England (2024) accessed https://www.england.nhs.uk/ 

  2. NICE guidance (2006) accessed https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32 

  3. BAPEN (2023) Accessed: https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/decision-trees/ 

  4. NICE guidance (2006) https://www.england.nhs.uk/ 

  5. BAPEN (2023) Accessed: https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/decision-trees/ 

  6. BDA (2021) https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/challenging-cancer-diets-myths.html accessed 10/02/2025

  7. Malnutrition care pathway accessed at: https://www.malnutritionpathway.co.uk/ accessed on 13/2/25 


SUSTAINABLE DIETS: WHAT CAN DIETITIANS DO? by Laura Kaar-Todd RD

  1. Crippa M, Solazzo E, Guizzardi D et al. Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Nat Food 2, 198-209 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9

  2. Poore J and Nemecek T. Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 360 (6392), 987-992. (2018) DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0216

  3. Eating for Net Zero | WWF

  4. Hungry and confused: The winding road to conscious eating | McKinsey

  5. The eatwell guide: A more sustainable diet | The Carbon Trust

  6. Cholesterol - British Dietetic Association (BDA)

  7. Murakami K, Livingstone MBE. Greenhouse gas emissions of self-selected diets in the UK and their association with diet quality: is energy under-reporting a problem?. Nutr J 17, 27 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0338-x

  8. https://www.bda.uk.com/specialist-groups-and-branches/sustainable-diets-specialist-group/events/past-events.html

  9. Key Takeaways PCPs - Management

  10. Plant-Based Diet Factsheets | Plant Based Health Professionals UK


HEALTHY AGEING FOR MEN by Harriet Lucking RD

  1. World Health Organisation (2025). Ageing is living: Working for a lifetime of health and well-being. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/events/item/2025/01/30/default-calendar/ageing-is-living--working-for-a-lifetime-of-health-and-well-being [3rd Feb 2025]

  2. Office for National Statistics (2025). Healthy life expectancy in England and Wales: between 2011 to 2013 and 2021 to 2023 [online] available from <https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/healthstatelifeexpectanciesuk/between2011to2013and2021to2023> [3rd Feb 2025]

  3. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2024). Ageing and Health [online] available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health [6th February 2025]

  4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ et al (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing (48) 1, 16-31

  5. Yerrakalva D, Hajna S, Khaw K-T, Griffin SJ and Brage S (2024). Prospective associations between changes in physical activity and sedentary time and subsequent lean muscle mass in older English adults: the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 21 (1), 10

  6. Roman M et al (2016). Exercise, ageing and the lung. European Respiratory Journal 48, (5) 1471-1486

  7. Stathi A, Greaves CJ, Thompson JL, Withall J, Ladlow P, Taylor G et al (2022). Effect of a physical activity and behaviour maintenance programme on functional mobility decline in older adults: the REACT (Retirement in Action) randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Public Health 7, (4) 316-326

  8. Nazarko L (2024). Sarcopenia: Prevention, treatment and management [online] available from Nursing Times Volume 121 (2)

  9. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert M, Rockwood K (2013). Frailty in elderly people. Lancet, 381 (9868), 752-762

  10. Hatheway O, Mitnitski A and Rockwood K (2017). Frailty affects the initial treatment response and time to recovery of mobility in acutely ill older adults admitted to hospital. Age and Ageing, (46) 6, 920-925

  11. Deutz NEP, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Krznariç Z, Nair KS, Singer P, Teta D, Tipton K and Calder PC (2014). Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with ageing: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clinical Nutrition, 33(6), pp 929-936

  12. Todorovic VE and Mafrici B (Eds) (2018). Pocket Guide to Clinical Nutrition (5th ed.). British Dietetic Association

  13. NHS (2024). Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64. [online] available from https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/#:~:text=do%20at%20least%20150%20minutes,a%20week%2C%20or%20every%20day [2/2/25]

  14. Smith J and Doe J (2022). Best Exercise Options for Reducing Pain and Disability in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: Pilates, Strength, Core-Based, and Mind-Body. A Network Meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 52 (8), 505-521

  15. Kelaiditi E, Cesari M, Canevelli M et al (2013). Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (IANA/IAGG) international consensus group. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Ageing, 17 (9), 726-734

  16. Roppolo M, Mulasso A, Rabaglietti E (2017). Cognitive frailty in Italian community-dwelling older adults: Prevalence rate and its association with disability. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Ageing, 21 (6) 631

  17. Buchman A and Bennett D (2013). Cognitive frailty. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging (9), 738

  18. Aguilar-Navarro S, Mimenza-Alvarado A, Yeverino-Castro S, Caicedo-Correa S and Cano-Gutiérrez C (2025). Cognitive Frailty and Aging: Clinical Characteristics, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Potential Prevention Strategies. Archives of Medical Research, 56 (1), 103-106

  19. Panza F, Lozupone M and Solfrizzi V et al (2018). Different cognitive frailty models and  health- and cognitive-related outcomes in older age: from epidemiology to prevention. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62 (3) 993-1012

  20. Mehrabi F and Béland F (2020). Effects of social isolation, loneliness and frailty on health outcomes and their possible mediators and moderators in community-dwelling older adults: A scoping review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, (90) 104-119

  21. Pollicino F, Veronese N, Dominguez L and Barbagallo M (2023). Mediterranean diet and mitochondria: New findings. Experimental Gerontology, 176, 112-165

  22. Dominguez L, Bella G, Veronese N and Barbagallo M (2021). Impact of Mediterranean diet on chronic non-communicable diseases and longevity. Nutrients, 13 (6) 20-28

  23. NHS (2024). Alcohol units [online] available from  https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/alcohol-advice/calculating-alcohol-units/ [10th February 2025]


CLASSICAL KETOGENIC DIET: ZINC DEFICIENCY IN A PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE ALLERGIES by Ranmal Rodrigo

  1. Christodoulides SS, Neal EG, Fitzsimmons G, Chaffe HM, Jeanes YM, Aitkenhead H, et al. The effect of the classical and medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on vitamin and mineral levels. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics [Internet]. 2011 May 27;25(1):16–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277x.2011.01172.x

  2. Department of Health, Panel on Dietary Reference Values. Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom: Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. 1991.

  3. Office of Dietary Supplements - Zinc [Internet]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/zinc-healthprofessional/

  4. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin A and carotenoids [Internet]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/

  5. Office of Dietary Supplements - riboflavin [Internet]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/

  6. Office of Dietary Supplements - Biotin [Internet]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/

  7. Stiles LI, Ferrao K, Mehta KJ. Role of zinc in health and disease. Clinical and Experimental Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Feb 17;24(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-024-01302-6

  8. Gammoh N, Rink L. Zinc in infection and inflammation. Nutrients [Internet]. 2017 Jun 17;9(6):624. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060624

  9. Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Dec 9;19(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0

  10. Lönnerdal B. Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. Journal of Nutrition [Internet]. 2000 May 1;130(5):1378S-1383S. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1378s

  11. Christian P, West KP. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 1998 Aug 1;68(2):435S-441S. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.435s

  12. Gibson RS, Raboy V, King JC. Implications of phytate in plant-based foods for iron and zinc bioavailability, setting dietary requirements, and formulating programs and policies. Nutrition Reviews [Internet]. 2018 May 5;76(11):793–804. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy028

  13. Baic S, Medici E, The British Dietetic Association. Soya and health – the basics [Internet]. Food Fact Sheet. 2017. Available from: https://www.leedsandyorkpft.nhs.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/06/Menopause-Soya-food-fact-sheet.pdf

  14. Long Y, Huang L, Su J, Yoshida Y, Feng K, Gasparatos A. Mixed diets can meet nutrient requirements with lower carbon footprints. Science Advances [Internet]. 2024 Apr 10;10(15). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh1077

  15. Mohn E, Kern H, Saltzman E, Mitmesser S, McKay D. Evidence of Drug–Nutrient Interactions with Chronic Use of Commonly Prescribed Medications: An Update. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2018 Mar 20;10(1):36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10010036

  16. Farrell N. Proton pump inhibitors interfere with zinc absorption and zinc body stores. Gastroenterology Research [Internet]. 2011 Jan 1; Available from: https://doi.org/10.4021/gr379w

  17. De Oliveira VM, Moraes RB, Stein AT, Wendland EM. Accuracy of C - Reactive protein as a bacterial infection marker in critically immunosuppressed patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Critical Care [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;42:129–37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.07.025

  18. Wiedermann CJ. Hypoalbuminemia as surrogate and culprit of infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2021 Apr 26;22(9):4496. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094496

THE LAST WORD: BREAST CANCER AND SOUTH ASIAN WOMEN by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Farooq S, Coleman MP. Breast cancer survival in South Asian women in England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 May;59(5):402-6. doi: 10.1136/jech.2004.030965. PMID: 15831690; PMCID: PMC1733081

  2. Velikova G, Booth L, Johnston C, Forman D, Selby P. Breast cancer outcomes in South Asian population of West Yorkshire. Br J Cancer. 2004 May 17;90(10):1926-32. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601795. PMID: 15138473; PMCID: PMC2410283

  3. Jack RH, Davies EA, Møller H. Breast cancer incidence, stage, treatment and survival in ethnic groups in Southeast England. Br J Cancer. 2009 Feb 10;100(3):545-50. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604852. Epub 2009 Jan 6. PMID: 19127253; PMCID: PMC2658548.

  4. Gurm BK, Stephen J, MacKenzie G, Doll R, Barroetavena MC, Cadell S. Understanding Canadian Punjabi-speaking South Asian women's experience of breast cancer: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008 Feb;45(2):266-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.023. Epub 2006 Oct 16. PMID: 17049350

  5. Ranak Trivedi, Shreya Desai, Akanksha Jain, Nainwant Singh, Veena Manja, Lidia Schapira, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Karl Lorenz. Understanding the Supportive Needs of South Asian Breast Cancer Survivors and their Family Caregivers, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management,Volume 67, Issue 5,2024,Page e524,ISSN 0885-3924

  6. Black and South Asian women's experiences of breast cancer: A qualitative study

  7. Patel, Geeta.(2014) Diversity and Equlaity in Health Care,  Milton Keynes Vol. 11, Iss. 4,  (2014). DOI:10.21767/2049-5471.100023

  8.  Karbani G, Lim JN, Hewison J, Atkin K, Horgan K, Lansdown M, Chu CE. Culture, attitude and knowledge about breast cancer and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian breast cancer patients in the UK. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(6):1619-26. PMID: 22126509

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  15. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c5d0240f0b626628ab882/dh_123394.pdf