References Aug/Sept 24 - issue 192

UP FRONT – MESSAGE FROM THE EDITOR

  1. Crohn’s and Colitis UK. Crohn's and Colitis in numbers. https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/our-work/about-us/crohn-s-colitis-uk-press-media-centre/facts-and-figures
  2. NICE CKS> Irritable bowel syndrome: How common is it? https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/irritable-bowel-syndrome/background-information/prevalence/
  3. Coeliac UK. About coeliac disease. https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/about-coeliac-disease/

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI: THE WEIRD AND WONDERFUL WORLD OF PROBIOTICS

  1. FAO/WHO (2001). Probiotics in food Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. Available at: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/382476b3-4d54-4175-803f-f26f3526256/content#:~:text=The%20Consultation%20has%20redefined%20probiotics,in%20adequate%20amounts%20as%20part
  2. Report of the Scientific Committee of the Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Assessment of the safety of ‘probiotics’ in food supplements. Available at: https://www.fsai.ie/getmedia/d12d89b0-abd9-4ca2-81d3-57ea4b2f2ebe/assessment-of-the-safety-of-probiotics-in-food-supplements-final.pdf?ext=.pdf
  3. Pfützner et al (2022). Chronic Uptake of A Probiotic Nutritional Supplement (AB001) Inhibits Absorption of Ethylalcohol in the Intestine Tract - Results from a Randomised Double-blind Crossover Study. Nutr Metab Insights. 15:11786388221108919
  4. Abavisani et al (2024). The role of probiotics as adjunct treatment in the prevention and management of gynaecological infections: An updated meta-analysis of 35 RCT studies. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 63(3):357-368
  5. Zahedifard et al (2023). The of Probiotics in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ethiop J Health Sci. 33(5):881-890
  6. Chen et al (2022). Probiotics are a good choice for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trial. Reprod Health. 19(1):137
  7. Saadati et al (2024). Beneficial effects of the probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 25(3):e13667
  8. Lan et al (2023). Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 Improves Sleep Quality via Regulating the Activity of the HPA Axis: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 15(21):4700
  9. Kerksick et al (2024). Multi-strain probiotic improves subjective sleep quality with no impact on body composition, hemodynamics, and physical activity. Benef Microbes. 15(2):179-194
  10. Lee et al (2022). IDDF2022-ABS-0241 Exploring the potential role of probiotics in alleviating insomnia. Gut. 71:A65
  11. Gheisary et al (2022). The Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 14(5):1036
  12. Huang et al (2022). Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 12:e060753

THE LOW-FODMAP DIET AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME by Hazel Clarke RD

  1. Black CJ, Staudacher HM, Ford AC. Efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gut. 2022 Jun;71(6):1117-1126. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325214. Epub 2021 Aug 10. PMID: 34376515
  2. NICE Clinical guideline [CG61]. Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg61
  3. Staudacher HM, Whelan K. The low-FODMAP diet: recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS. Gut. 2017 Aug;66(8):1517-1527. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313750. Epub 2017 Jun 7. PMID: 28592442
  4. Dimidi E, Belogianni K, Whelan K, Lomer MCE. Gut Symptoms during FODMAP Restriction and Symptom Response to Food Challenges during FODMAP Reintroduction: A Real-World Evaluation in 21,462 Participants Using a Mobile Application. Nutrients. 2023 Jun 9; 15(12): 2683. doi: 10.3390/nu15122683. PMID: 37375587; PMCID: PMC10305236
  5. Lomer MCE, Wilson B, Wall CL. British Dietetic Association consensus guidelines on the nutritional assessment and dietary management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2023 Feb; 36(1): 336-377. doi: 10.1111/jhn.13054. Epub 2022 Jul 21. PMID: 35735908; PMCID: PMC10084145
  6. Ogasawara N, Funaki Y, Kasugai K, Ebi M, Tamura Y, Izawa S, Sasaki M. Overlap Between Constipation and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Japan: Results From an Internet Survey. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Apr 30; 28(2): 291-302. doi: 10.5056/jnm21065. PMID: 34801991; PMCID: PMC8978135
  7. Staudacher HM. Nutritional, microbiological and psychosocial implications of the low-FODMAP diet. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar; 32 Suppl 1:16-19. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13688. PMID: 28244658
  8. Staudacher HM, Ralph FSE, Irving PM, Whelan K, Lomer MCE. Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality and Diet Diversity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Impact of the Low-FODMAP Diet. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 Apr; 120(4): 535-547. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.01.017. Epub 2019 Apr 24. Erratum in: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 Dec;120(12):2098. PMID: 31029650
  9. Satherley R, Howard R, Higgs S. Disordered eating practices in gastrointestinal disorders. Appetite. 2015 Jan; 84: 240-50. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.006. Epub 2014 Oct 13. PMID: 25312748
  10. Tuck C, Barrett J. Re-challenging FODMAPs: the low-FODMAP diet phase two. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;32 Suppl 1:11-15. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13687. PMID: 28244664.
  11. Tuck CJ, Reed DE, Muir JG, Vanner SJ. Implementation of the low-FODMAP diet in functional gastrointestinal symptoms: A real-world experience. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020 Jan; 32(1): e13730. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13730. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID: 31571351
  12. Staudacher HM, Rossi M, Kaminski T, Dimidi E, Ralph FSE, Wilson B, Martin LD, Louis P, Lomer MCE, Irving PM, Whelan K. Long-term personalised low-FODMAP diet improves symptoms and maintains luminal Bifidobacteria abundance in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Apr; 34(4):e14241. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14241. Epub 2021 Aug 24. PMID: 34431172

VIRTUAL REALITY: A NEW APPROACH TO TREATING EATING DISORDERS by Oana Oancea

  1. Beetz A (2019). Virtual reality therapy for eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Technology and Behavioral Health, 1(2), 65-78
  2. Jones S (2021). Integrating virtual reality technology into mental health treatments: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Virtual Therapeutics, 6(4), 201-215
  3. Rizzo AS (2018). Virtual reality and telemedicine in clinical training and supervision. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 412-431
  4. Adler SE (2019). The use of virtual reality technology in exposure therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review. Eating Disorders, 27(3), 259-276
  5. Smith J (2020). The role of virtual reality in the treatment of eating disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 289-302
  6. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020). Virtual reality exposure therapy: A new approach for treating eating disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/virtual-reality-exposure-therapy-new-approach-treating-eating-disorders.

FALTERING GROWTH: HOW IT CAN IMPACT THE OLDER CHILD by Kate Roberts

  1. Faltering growth in children. Last updated April 2022. https://patient.info/doctor/faltering-growth-in-children
  2. NICE guideline NG75 (2017). Faltering growth: recognition and management of faltering growth in children. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng75
  3. Best Practice: Faltering growth. Last updated Nov 2023. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/747?q=Faltering%20growth&c=suggested
  4. Black MM & Hurley KM (2016). Early Child Development and Nutrition: A Review of the Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Integrated Interventions. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2), 357-363. doi:10.3945/an.115.010363
  5. Victora CG et al (2008). Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital. The Lancet, 371(9609), 340-357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
  6. Adair LS et al (2013). Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies. The Lancet, 382(9891), 525-534. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60103-8
  7. Berkman DS et al (2002). Effects of Stunting, Diarrhoeal Disease and Parasitic Infection during Infancy on Cognition in Late Childhood: A Follow-Up Study. The Lancet, 359(9306), 564-571. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07744-9
  8. Walker SP et al (2007). Child Development: Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Developing Countries. The Lancet, 369(9556), 145-157. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2
  9. Ong KK & Loos RJ (2006). Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions. Acta Paediatrica, 95(8), 904-908. doi:10.1080/08035250600719754
  10. Grantham-McGregor S et al (2007). Developmental Potential in the First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries." The Lancet, 369(9555), 60-70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
  11. Engle PL et al (2007). Strategies to Avoid the Loss of Developmental Potential in More than 200 Million Children in the Developing World. The Lancet, 369(9557), 229-242. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3
  12. Horta BL et al (2009). Early and late growth and blood pressure in adolescence. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 63(10), 793-796. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.089722
  13. Monteiro CA & Victora CG (2005). Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life–a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 6(2), 143-154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00183.x

UNDERSTANDING MALNUTRITION IN ONCOLOGY by Joanna Injore BSc (Hons) RD

  1. BAPEN Survey of Malnutrition and Nutritional Care in Adults (2022). Available at: https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/reports/mag/national-survey-of-malnutrition-and-nutritional-care-2022.pdf. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  2. Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, Band PR, Bennett JM, Bertino JR. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. u. a Am J Med. October 1980; 69(4): 491-7
  3. Arends J. Malnutrition in cancer patients: Causes, consequences and treatment options. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, Volume 50, Issue 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107074. Assessed: 31.5.24
  4. Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. u. a Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. February 2017; 36(1): 11-48. Available at: https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(16)30181-9/fulltext. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  5. Marshall KM, Loeliger J, Nolte L, Kelaart A, Kiss NK. Prevalence of malnutrition and impact on clinical outcomes in cancer services: a comparison of two time points. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 2019; 38(2): 644-51. Available at: https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(18)30156-0/abstract. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  6. GlobalSurg Collaborative and NIHR Global Health Unit Global Surgery. Impact of malnutrition on early outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. Ma Ãàrz 2023; 11(3): e341-9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00550-2. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  7. Bossi P, Delrio P, Mascheroni A, Zanetti M. The Spectrum of Malnutrition/Cachexia/Sarcopenia in Oncology According to Different Cancer Types and Settings: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1980. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061980. Assessed:31.05.2024
  8. Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011 May; 12(5): 489-95. Available at: DOI:1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  9. Reber E, Schönenberger KA, Vasiloglou MF, Stanga Z. Nutritional Risk Screening in Cancer Patients: The First Step Toward Better Clinical Outcome. Front Nutr. 2021 Apr 7;8:603936. Available at: doi: 3389/fnut.2021.603936. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  10. Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats AJ et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr 2019, 38, 1-9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.002. Assessed: 31.05.2024
  11. Zhang X, Tang M, Zhang Q, Zhang KP, Guo ZQ, Xu HX, Yuan KT, Yu M, Braga M, Cederholm T, Li W, Barazzoni R, Shi HP. The GLIM criteria as an effective tool for nutrition assessment and survival prediction in older adult cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2021 Mar; 40(3): 1224-1232. Available at: DOI:1016/j.clnu.2020.08.004. Assessed: 31.05.2024

FROM THE WILTSHIRE FARM FOODS DIETITIANS: DEMENTIA AND NUTRITION by Sophia Cornelius

  1. Alzheimer's Research UK. Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia. Dementia Statistics Hub. Available from: https://dementiastatistics.org/about-dementia/prevalence-and-incidence/. Accessed 10 July 2024.

DIET AND DEMENTIA by Shazia Faisal, RD

  1. Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Aug;30(3): 421-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 Jun 12. PMID: 25037289; PMCID: PMC4104432
  2. https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
  3. GBD Neurology Collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Public Health. (2022) 7: e105–25. Doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8, PMID
  4. https://dementiastatistics.org/
  5. Nordestgaard LT, Christoffersen M, Frikke-Schmidt R. Shared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17): 9777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179777
  6. Dintica CS, Yaffe K. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Dementia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2022 Dec; 45(4): 677-689. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.07.011. Epub 2022 Oct 14. PMID: 3639627
  7. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/dementia/background-information/risk-factors/
  8. Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 15; 13(11): 4080. doi: 10.3390/nu13114080. PMID: 34836334; PMCID: PMC8624903
  9. Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 15; 13(11): 4080. doi: 10.3390/nu13114080. PMID: 34836334; PMCID: PMC8624903
  10. Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Brayne C, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Cooper C, Costafreda SG, Dias A, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimäki M, Larson EB, Ogunniyi A, Orgeta V, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020 Aug 8;396(10248): 413-446. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. Epub 2020 Jul 30. Erratum in: Lancet. 2023 Sep 30;402(10408):1132. PMID: 32738937; PMCID: PMC7392084
  11. Jennings A, Cunnane SC, Minihane AM. Can nutrition support healthy cognitive ageing and reduce dementia risk? BMJ. 2020 Jun 26; 369: m2269. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2269. PMID: 32591407; PMCID: PMC7318880
  12. Brockdorf Y, Morley JE. Editorial: Nutrition and Dementia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(5):590-592. doi: 10.1007/s12603-021-1614-6. PMID: 33949623
  13. Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Muñoz-Garcia M, Godos J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline: key features for prevention. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(22): 24282442. doi:10.2174/1381612825666190722110458. PMID: 31333085
  14. Pelletier A, Barul C, Feart C, Helmer C, Bernard C, Periot O, et al. Mediterranean diet and preserved brain structural connectivity in older subjects. Alzheimers Dement. (2015) 11:1023-31. Doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1888
  15. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1007-14. Doi: 1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009. Epub 2015 Feb 11. PMID: 25681666; PMCID: PMC4532650
  16. Van den Brink AC, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Berendsen AAM, van de Rest O. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets Are Associated with Less Cognitive Decline and a Lower Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease - A Review. Adv Nutr. 2019 Nov 1; 10(6): 1040-1065. Doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz054. PMID: 31209456; PMCID: PMC6855954
  17. Kim E, Je Y. Fish consumption and the risk of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Psychiatry Res. 2022 Nov; 317: 114889. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114889. Epub 2022 Oct 12. PMID: 36257206
  18. Wei BZ, Li L, Dong CW, Tan CC; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Xu W. The Relationship of Omega-3 Fatty Acids with Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Evidence from Prospective Cohort Studies of Supplementation, Dietary Intake, and Blood Markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Jun; 117(6): 1096-1109. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.001. Epub 2023 Apr 5. PMID: 37028557; PMCID: PMC10447496
  19. Dighriri IM, Alsubaie AM, Hakami FM, Hamithi DM, Alshekh MM, Khobrani FA, Dalak FE, Hakami AA, Alsueaadi EH, Alsaawi LS, Alshammari SF, Alqahtani AS, Alawi IA, Aljuaid AA, Tawhari MQ. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Functions: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Oct 9;14(10): e30091. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30091. PMID: 36381743; PMCID: PMC9641984
  20. Bordoni L, Gabbianelli R. Mitochondrial DNA and Neurodegeneration: Any Role for Dietary Antioxidants? Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Aug 17;9(8):764. Doi: 10.3390/antiox9080764. PMID: 32824558; PMCID: PMC7466149
  21. Behrens A, Graessel E, Pendergrass A, Donath C. Vitamin B-Can it prevent cognitive decline? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020 May 15;9(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s13643-020-01378-7. PMID: 32414424; PMCID: PMC7229605
  22. Daniel GD, Chen H, Bertoni AG, Rapp SR, Fitzpatrick AL, Luchsinger JA, Wood AC, Hughes TM, Burke GL, Hayden KM. DASH diet adherence and cognitive function: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021 Dec; 46:223-231. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.10.004. Epub 2021 Oct 11. PMID: 34857201; PMCID: PMC8812811
  23. Conte A, Pellegrini S, Tagliazucchi D. Synergistic protection of PC12 cells from beta-amyloid toxicity by resveratrol and catechin. Brain Res Bull. 2003 Nov 15; 62(1): 29-38. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.08.001. PMID: 14596889

MILK ALTERNATIVES: AN UPDATE by Madi Myers

  1. Statista (2023). Plant-based milk and dairy alternatives in the UK - statistics & facts. Available at: https://www.statista.com/topics/10985/plant-based-milk-and-dairy-alternatives-in-the-uk/
  2. Sohouli et al (2021). Impact of soy milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Func Foods. 83:104499
  3. Biscotti et al (2023). Can the Substitution of Milk with Plant-Based Drinks Affect Health-Related Markers? A Systematic Review of Human Intervention Studies in Adults. Nutrients. 15(11): 2603
  4. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 8(12): 1885
  5. Sustainable Food Trust (2023). The woe of wasted milk. Available at: https://sustainablefoodtrust.org/news-views/the-woe-of-wasted-milk
  6. Poore & Nemecek (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science. 360(6392): 987-992
  7. Zollman Thomas and Bryant (2021). Don't Have a Cow, Man: Consumer Acceptance of Animal-Free Dairy Products in Five Countries. Front Sustain Food Syst. 5: 2021

THE LAST WORD by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. NHS (no date). Equality, diversity and health inequalities. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/about/equality/
  2. Kings Fund (2023). Health inequalities in a nutshell. Available at : https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/data-and-charts/health-inequalities-nutshell#:~:text=These%20factors%20are%20often%20influenced,interaction%20between%20all%20these%20factors.
  3. Raleigh V (2023). The health of people from ethnic minority groups in England. The Kings Fund. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/long-reads/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england
  4. Raleigh V and Holmes J (2021). The Health of people from ethnic minority groups in England. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england
  5. Wise J (2022). Racial health inequality is stark and requires concerted action, says review. BMJ. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o382
  6. LaVeist T, Thorpe R, Bowen-Reid T, Jackson J, Gary T, Gaskin D and Browne D (2008). Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities: Overview of the EHDIC Study. Journal of Urban Health, 85(1). Available at: doi:1007/s11524-007-9226-y
  7. Politis M (2022). Racial inequality: five minutes with… Michael Marmot. The BMJ. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1710
  8. Watkinson R, Sutton M and Turner A (2021). Ethnic inequalities in health-related quality of life among older adults in England: secondary analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. The Lancet. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/article/S2468-2667(20)30287-5/fulltext
  9. Vounzoulaki E (2022). Health inequalities for Black and South Asian women following gestational diabetes diagnosis. University of Leicester. Available at: https://le.ac.uk/news/2022/march/gestational-diabetes
  10. Raymond N, Varadhan L, Reynold D, Bush K, Sankaranarayanan S, Bellary S, Barnett A, Kumar S and O’Hare J (2009). Higher Prevalence of Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients of South Asian Ethnicity Compared with White Europeans in the Community: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Care, pp 410-415. Available at: doi: 10.2337/dc08-1422
  11. Barr B, Bambra C, Whitehead M and Duncan W (2014). The impact of NHS resource allocation policy on health inequalities in England 2001-11: a longitudinal ecological study. BMJ. Available at: doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3231
  12. Anderson E, Winett R and Wojcik J (2007). Self-regulation, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support: Social cognitive theory and nutrition behaviour. Annals of behavioural medicine, pp 304-312. Available at: DOI: 1007/BF02874555
  13. Public Health England (2015). Local action on health inequalities Improving health literacy to reduce health inequalities. Available at : https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/460709/4a_Health_Literacy-Full.pdf
  14. Exworthy M, Blane D and Marmot M (2003). Tackling health inequalities in the United Kingdom: The Progress and pitfalls of policy. Health Services Research, pp1905-1922. Available at: doi:1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00208.x
  15. Public Health England (2014). National Conversation on Health Inequalities. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-conversation-on-health-inequalities
  16. Exworthy M, Blane D and Marmot M (2003). Tackling health inequalities in the United Kingdom: The Progress and pitfalls of policy. Health Services Research, pp1905-1922. Available at: doi:1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00208.x
  17. UK (2022). Levelling up the United Kingdom. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/levelling-up-the-united-kingdom
  18. Bolam BL (2005). Public participation in tackling health inequalities: implications from recent qualitative research. European Journal of Public Health. Available at: doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cki174