References July 24 - issue 191

UP FRONT – MESSAGE FROM THE EDITOR

  1. British Nutrition Foundation. Go nuts for nuts! https://www.nutrition.org.uk/news/go-nuts-for-nuts/
  2. British Heart Foundation. Are nuts good for you? https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/nutrition/are-nuts-good-for-you
  3. Allergy UK. Tree nut allergy. https://www.allergyuk.org/resources/tree-nut-allergy-factsheet/
  4. Allergy UK. How common is peanut allergy? https://www.allergyuk.org/resources/peanut-allergy-factsheet/
  5. Du Toit G, Ch B, Michelle F, Huffaker MF, Radulovic S, Feeney M et al (2024). Follow-up to Adolescence after Early Peanut Introduction for Allergy Prevention. NEJM Evid 2024;3(6). DOI: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300311. https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/EVIDoa2300311
  6. Du Toit G, Ch B, Roberts G, Sayre PH, Bahnson HT et al (2015). Randomised Trial of Peanut Consumption in Infants at Risk for Peanut Allergy. N Engl J Med 2015; Vol 372,No9; 372:803-813. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414850. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI: COGNITIVE SUPERFOODS: DO ‘BRAIN FOODS’ REALLY EXIST?

  1. Wood et al (2023). Wild blueberry (poly)phenols can improve vascular function and cognitive performance in healthy older individuals: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 117(6):1306-1319
  2. Shateri et al (2023). Effects of chocolate on cognitive function in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials. Phytother Res. 37(9):3688-3697
  3. Kosti et al (2022). Fish intake, n-3 fatty acid body status, and risk of cognitive decline: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of observational and experimental studies. Nutr Rev. 80(6):1445-1458
  4. Sarraf et al (2019). Short-term curcumin supplementation enhances serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult men and women: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Res. 69:1-8
  5. Morris et al (2018). Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology. 90(3):e214-e222
  6. Cahoon et al (2021). Walnut intake, cognitive outcomes and risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 53(1):971-997
  7. Chauhan and Chauhan (2020). Beneficial Effects of Walnuts on Cognition and Brain Health. Nutrients. 12(2):550
  8. Hosking et al (2019). MIND not Mediterranean diet related to 12-year incidence of cognitive impairment in an Australian longitudinal cohort study. Alzheimers Dement. 15(4):581-589
  9. Chen et al (2022). Temporal patterns of energy intake and cognitive function and its decline: a community-based cohort study in China. Life Metab. 1(1):94-97
  10. Galioto and Spitznagel (2016). The Effects of Breakfast and Breakfast Composition on Cognition in Adults. Adv Nutr. 7(3):576S-89S

PAEDIATRIC OBESITY: AN UPDATE ON INTERVENTION AND TREATMENT GUIDANCE by Niamh Arthurs, RD

  1. United Nations. Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 [June 16th 2024]. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child
  2. Jebeile H, Lister NB, Baur LA, Garnett SP, Paxton SJ. Eating disorder risk in adolescents with obesity. Obesity Reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2021;22(5):e13173
  3. Jebeile H, Libesman S, Melville H, Low-wah T, Dammery G, Seidler AL, et al. Eating disorder risk during behavioural weight management in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2023:e13561
  4. Tully L, Arthurs N, Wyse C, Browne S, Case L, McCrea L, et al. Guidelines for treating child and adolescent obesity: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022;12(902865)
  5. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne. 2010;182(18):E839-42
  6. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Pediatric Weight Management Guideline. Chicago, IL; 2015
  7. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2)
  8. Gaikwad S, Bhavnagarwala A. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2023: Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Indian Pediatr. 2023;60(9):759-761
  9. Nowicka P, Sjögren L, Bertilsson AS, Järvholm K, Sellberg F, Sundbom M, Thalén L, Trolle Lagerros Y. Systematic Development of National Guidelines for Obesity Care: The Swedish Approach. Obes Facts. 2024;17(2):183-190
  10. Johnston BC, Merdad R, Sherifali D, Kebbe M, Birken CS, Buchholz A, et al. Updating the Canadian clinical practice guideline for managing pediatric obesity: a protocol. 2022;10(1):E155-E64
  11. RCSI Obesity Research and Care Group. The Child and Adolescent Obesity LANDSCAPE Project online: RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences; 2024 [Available from: https://rcsi-landscape.eu/]
  12. Ferdous F, Arthurs N, Tully L, O'Brien S, Smith SM, Walsh A, et al. Addressing child and adolescent obesity management in Ireland: identifying facilitators and barriers in clinical practice. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2023;11:1222604
  13. Health Service Executive (HSE). Model of Care for the Management of Overweight and Obesity. Dublin; Ireland 2021

POLYPHENOLS AND HEALTH by Madi Myers

  1. Rana et al (2022). Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review. J Food Biochem. 46(10):e14264
  2. Cory et al (2018). The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review. Front Nutr. 5:87
  3. Pérez-Jiménez et al (2010). Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database. Eur J Clin Nutr. 64 Suppl 3:S112-20
  4. Ferguson et al (2021). Anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with curcumin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 79(9):1043-1066
  5. Ramaiah et al (2024). Dietary polyphenols and the risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024 Mar 1;24(1):26
  6. Dehghani et al (2021). Effect of extra virgin olive oil consumption on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 31(7):1953-1961
  7. Kiyimba et al (2023). Efficacy of Dietary Polyphenols from Whole Foods and Purified Food Polyphenol Extracts in Optimising Cardiometabolic Health: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr. 14(2):270-282
  8. Ghaemi et al (2023). Impact of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 37(10):4429-4441
  9. Farag et al (2024). Effect of Polyphenol Supplementation on Memory Functioning in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 16(4):474
  10. Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan (2018). Coffee drinking and colorectal cancer and its subsites: A pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies in Japan. Int J Cancer.143(2):307-316
  11. Mori et al (2022). Prediagnostic plasma polyphenol concentrations and colon cancer risk: The JPHC nested case-control study. Clin Nutr. 41(9):1950-1960
  12. Wang et al (2022). Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel). 11(6):1212
  13. Adkison et al (2018). Effect of Canning and Freezing on the Nutritional Content of Apricots. J Food Sci. 83(6):1757-1761
  14. Arfaoui (2021). Dietary Plant Polyphenols: Effects of Food Processing on their Content and Bioavailability. Molecules. 26(10):2959
  15. Derossi et al (2018). How grinding level and brewing method (Espresso, American, Turkish) could affect the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds in a coffee cup. J Sci Food Agric. 98(8):3198-3207
  16. Dussling et al (2024). Analytical characterisation of flavan-3-ol-rich apple juices produced with the innovative spiral filter press technology. Food Res Int. 180:114055

WEANING: WHEN IT ISN’T STRAIGHTFORWARD by Hazel Duncan

  1. Koletzko S et al. European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology ND Nutrition. Diagnositic approach and management of cows milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GO Committee practical guidelines. J Paediatr Gastroenterology Nutr. 2012:55(2): 221-9
  2. British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and Food Allergy Specialist Group (FASG) of the British Dietetic Association (BDA). Early feeding guidance (online). Available at: http://www.bsaci.org/professional-resources/resources/early-feeding-guidelines/Accessed May 2024)
  3. Infant and young child nutrition. Global Strategy on infant young child feeding. 55th World Health Assembly 2002
  4. Nuzzi G, Gerini C, Comberiati P, Peroni DG. The weaning practices: A new challenge for paediatricians? Paediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022; 33(Suppl. 27): 44-46. http://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13627
  5. King C, Cairns L, Aloysius A, Tagani S, Hodgson A, Hurlston R, Xanthidis C. Preterm weaning guidance in the UK: background to the updated BLISS parent information. Infant 2024: 20 (1)

LIVER DISEASE: AN UPDATE ON NOMENCLATURE by Chloé McMurray RD

  1. Gandy J (2019). Section 7: Liver and Biliary Disease. Manual of Dietetic Practice. John Wiley & Sons
  2. British Liver Trust (no date). NAFLD, NASH and fatty liver disease - British Liver Trust
  3. Teng et al (2023). Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology; 29(Suppl): S32-S42
  4. Eslam M et al (2020). A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J Hepatology 73: 202-209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039
  5. Wang TY, Wang RF, Bu ZY et al (2022). Association of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease with kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 18, 259-268 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00519-y
  6. Fouad Y (2023). Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: New nomenclature and approach with hot debate. World J Hepatol. Feb 27;15(2):123-128. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i2.123
  7. European Association for the Study of the Liver (no date). Global NAFLD Nomenclature Consensus Development - EASL-The Home of Hepatology .
  8. British Liver Trust (2023). Introduction of new terminology for fatty liver diseases - British Liver Trust
  9. Krag A, Rinella ME. Steatotic liver disease: a new name to reflect the combined role of alcohol and metabolic dysfunction. Nat Med 30, 933-936 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02849-
  10. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (no date). New MASLD Nomenclature | AASLD
  11. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al (2023). NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023 Dec;79(6):1542-1556. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003. Epub 2023 Jun 24. PMID: 37364790.

GOING NUTS! A GUIDE TO NUTS, THEIR COMPOSITION AND HEALTH BENEFITS by Aqsa Mahmood ANutr

  1. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/nutrition/are-nuts-good-for-you
  2. Gonçalves B, Pinto T, Aires A, Morais MC, Bacelar E, Anjos R, Ferreira-Cardoso J, Oliveira I, Vilela A, Cosme F. Composition of Nuts and Their Potential Health Benefits-An Overview. Foods. 2023 Feb 23;12(5):942. Do4i: 10.3390/foods12050942. PMID: 36900459; PMCID: PMC10000569
  3. Ros E. Health benefits of nut consumption. Nutrients. 2010 Jul;2(7):652-682. doi: 10.3390/nu2070652. Epub 2010 Jun 24. PMID: 22254047; PMCID: PMC3257681
  4. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323042#six-most-healthful-nuts
  5. Barreca D, Nabavi SM, Sureda A, Rasekhian M, Raciti R, Silva AS, Annunziata G, Arnone A, Tenore GC, Süntar İ, Mandalari G. Almonds (Prunus Dulcis Mill. D. A. Webb): A Source of Nutrients and Health-Promoting Compounds. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 1;12(3):672. doi: 10.3390/nu12030672. PMID: 32121549; PMCID: PMC7146189
  6. Bolling BW. Almond Polyphenols: Methods of Analysis, Contribution to Food Quality, and Health Promotion. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017 May;16(3):346-368. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12260. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 33371558
  7. Swapan Banerjee (2020).Nutritional Benefits of Various Nuts and Dry Fruits: The Natural Energizers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345131868_Nutritional_Benefits_of_Various_Nuts_and_Dry_Fruits_The_Natural_Energizers
  8. What are the health benefits of hazelnuts. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323807
  9. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/selenium/#:~:text=Selenium%20is%20an%20essential%20component,the%20metabolism%20of%20thyroid%20hormones
  10. What are the benefits of eating Brazil nuts? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325000
  11. Griel AE, Cao Y, Bagshaw DD, Cifelli AM, Holub B, Kris-Etherton PM. A macadamia nut-rich diet reduces total and LDL-cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr. 2008 Apr;138(4):761-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/138.4.761. PMID: 18356332
  12. Stewart M (2015). Macadamia Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Review of Clinical Trials. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.923.6
  13. Higgs J, Styles K, Carughi A, et al. Plant-based snacking: research and practical applications of pistachios for health benefits. J Nutr Sci. 2021;10:e87. Published 2021 Oct 1. doi:10.1017/jns.2021.77
  14. Valero-Galván J, Reyna-González M, Chico-Romero PA, Martínez-Ruiz NDR, Núñez-Gastélum JA, Monroy-Sosa A, Ruiz-May E, González Fernández R. Seed Characteristics and Nutritional Composition of Pine Nut from Five Populations of P. cembroides from the States of Hidalgo and Chihuahua, Mexico. Molecules. 2019 May 30;24(11):2057. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112057. PMID: 31151144; PMCID: PMC6600560
  15. Arya SS, Salve AR, Chauhan S. Peanuts as functional food: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2016 Jan;53(1):31-41. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-2007-9. Epub 2015 Sep 19. PMID: 26787930; PMCID: PMC4711439.
  16. Ros E, Singh A, O’Keefe JH. Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093269
  17. WHO Healthy Diet dacts 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
  18. Global Burden of Disease Study. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd
  19. Ramón Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J wet al (2018). PREDIMED study: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1800389

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION: WHERE ARE WE NOW? By Madi Myers

  1. GBD 2019. Risk Factors Collaborators (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 396(10258):1223-1249
  2. 2Yip et al (2019). The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses. J Acad Nutr Diet. 119(3):464-481
  3. Rooney et al (2017). How much is '5-a-day'? A qualitative investigation into consumer understanding of fruit and vegetable intake guidelines. J Hum Nutr Diet.30(1):105-113
  4. Our World in Data (2023). Per capita consumption of fruit. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-per-capita
  5. OECD (2023). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en
  6. Public Health England (2020). NDNS: results from years 9 to 11 (2016 to 2017 and 2018 to 2019). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ndns-results-from-years-9-to-11-2016-to-2017-and-2018-to-2019
  7. Bates et al (2019). National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS RP): Results for Years 5 to 9 (combined) of the Rolling Programme for Northern Ireland (2012/13 - 2016/17) and time trend and income analysis (Years 1 to 9; 2008/09 - 2016/17). Available at: https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-northern-ireland-y5-9-full-report_2.pdf
  8. Fruit & Vegetables. Available at: http://healthsurvey.hscic.gov.uk/data-visualisation/data-visualisation/explore-the-trends/fruit-vegetables.aspx
  9. The Food Foundation (2024). Parents on lower incomes face barriers to affording fruit, veg and wholegrains. Available at: https://foodfoundation.org.uk/press-release/parents-lower-incomes-face-barriers-affording-fruit-veg-and-wholegrains
  10. Hodder et al (2020). Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 25;5(5):CD008552
  11. Bhat et al (2021). Healthy Food Prescription Programs and their Impact on Dietary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 12(5):1944-1956
  12. Ashton et al (2019). Effectiveness of Interventions and Behaviour Change Techniques for Improving Dietary Intake in Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Nutrients. 11(4):825
  13. Misir et al (2024). Twelve Month Efficacy of Computer-Tailored Communication in Boosting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Adults Aged Forty and over: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr. 15(1):100150
  14. Broers et al (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of nudging to increase fruit and vegetable choice. Eur J Public Health. 27(5):912-920
  15. Aune et al (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies, International Journal of Epidemiology. 46,3:1029-1056
  16. Statista (2024). Price change of fresh fruit and vegetables in the United Kingdom between December 2022 and December 2023, by type. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1447700/fruit-and-vegetable-price-increase-uk-by-type/#:~:text=Price%20growth%20of%20fresh%20fruit,UK%202022%2D2023%2C%20by%20type&text=As%20of%20December%202023%20in,price%20during%20this%20time%20period.

MALABSORPTION by Katy Stuart

  1. Helander H, Frandriks L (2014). Surface area of the digestive tract – revisited Scand J Gastroenterology 49(6): 681-689. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24694282/
  2. Iffgd. Adapted from IFFGD Publication #119 (2023) by Nimish Vakil. https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/malabsorption/
  3. Ogobuiro I, Gonzales J, Shumway K, Tuma F (2023). Physiology, Gastrointestinal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537103/
  4. Zuvarox T, Belletieri C (2023). Malabsorption Syndromes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553106/
  5. Malnutrition and IBD (2024). Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/diet-and-nutrition/malnutrition-and-ibd
  6. Malik Z (2023). Overview of Malabsorption. MSD Manual. https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/digestive-disorders/malabsorption/overview-of-malabsorption
  7. LabTestsOnline (2019). https://labtestsonline.org.uk/conditions/malabsorption
  8. Vakharia K (2022). Gastrointestinal malabsorption. Patient. https://patient.info/doctor/gastrointestinal-malabsorption
  9. Keller J, Layer P (2014). The Pathophysiology of Malabsorption. 30(3):150-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26288588/
  10. Ensari A (2014). The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences. Pathobiology of Human Disease.1266–1287. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149679/
  11. Cystic Fibrosis Editorial Team (2019). Symptoms of Malnutrition with Cystic Fibrosis https://cystic-fibrosis.com/malnutrition
  12. Khatari M (2023). What is Malabsorption Syndrome? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/malabsorption-syndrome
  13. What is Malabsorption? (2024). https://www.nutricia.co.uk/hcp/resource-centre/what-is-malabsorption.html
  14. Crohn’s and Colitis Dietitians (2024). How can Nutrition Help with Bile Acid Malabsorption? https://crohnsandcolitisdietitians.com/how-can-nutrition-help-with-bile-acid-malabsorption/
  15. Avitzur Y, Courtney-Martin G (2016). Enteral Approaches in Malabsorption. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology 30(2):295-307. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521691816000251
  16. Wakefield S (2014). Malabsorption. Clinical Nutrition. https://nutrition2me.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/images_free-view-articles_free-downloads_malabsorption-cn-art-july-2014.pdf
  17. Rees-Parrish C. Enteral Nutrition in the Adult Short Bowel Patient: A Potential Path to Central Line Freedom Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series 209. https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2021/04/EN-in-SBS-April-2021.pdf
  18. Powell-Tuck J, Lloyd J (2004). Artificial Nutrition: Principles and Practice in Enteral Feeding. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 17(2): 107-118. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanisms-of-Malabsorption-Necessitating-Predigested-Feeds-Reduced-absorptive-area-Small_tbl4_40688743
  19. Harris J, Fayez K (2006). Management of Opioid-Related Side Effects: Prokinetics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/prokinetic-agent#:~:text=Prokinetic%20Agents,-Prokinetic%20agents%20can&text=It%20includes%20agents%20such%20as,the%20Nausea%20and%20Vomiting%20section
  20. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2024). Enteral Nutrition. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, https://bnfc.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/enteral-nutrition/
  21. Campbell H, Turner P, Sexton J (2010). Basics of Enteral Nutrition in Adults. The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/basics-of-enteral-nutrition-in-adults
  22. Alkalay M (2022). Nutrition in Patients with Lactose Malabsorption, Celiac Disease, and Related Disorders Nutrients. 14(1):2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746545/

THE ROLE OF THE FIRST CONTACT DIETITIAN by Athanasios Zacharias RD

  1. British Dietetic Association. What is First Contact Practice? https://www.bda.uk.com/practice-and-education/nutrition-and-dietetic-practice/dietetic-workforce/primary-care/working-in-primary-care/what-is-first-contact-practice.html, accessed online 05 May 2024
  2. Health Education England, Stage 1 Roadmap Verification Process. https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/allied-health-professions/enable-workforce/roadmaps-practice/stage-1-roadmap-verification-process, accessed online 05 May 2024
  3. Health Education England, Stage 2 Roadmap Verification Process, https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/allied-health-professions/enable-workforce/roadmaps-practice/stage-2-roadmap-verification-process, accessed online 05 May 2024
  4. Health Education England. How do you complete the requirements of FCP education and training?’, https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/allied-health-professions/enable-workforce/first-contact-practice-faqs#:~:text=FCP%20Taught%20route%20%E2%80%93%20the%20practitioner,module%20delivered%20in%20clinical%20practice, accessed online 05 May 2024
  5. Health Education England, What changes were made to the FCP Roadmap verification process in 2023?’, https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/allied-health-professions/enable-workforce/first-contact-practice-faqs#:~:text=FCP%20Taught%20route%20%E2%80%93%20the%20practitioner,module%20delivered%20in%20clinical%20practice, accessed online 05 May 2024

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BRITISH SPECIALIST NUTRITION ASSOCIATION (BSNA) by Catherine Hodgson

  1. Elia M. The cost of malnutrition in England and potential cost savings from nutritional interventions. Malnutrition Action Group of BAPEN and the National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, 2015
  2. Elia M et al. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting. Clin Nutr 2016; 35 (2) 370-80
  3. Figures based on data collected by BSNA member companies

THE LAST WORD by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Nair L, Adetayo OA (2019). Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. Available at: doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000002219
  2. NICE (2021). Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg138
  3. Office for health improvement and disparities (2017). Culture, spirituality, and religion: migrant health guide. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/culture-spirituality-and-religion
  4. Liu J, Gill E and Li Shuangyu (2020). Revisiting cultural competence. The Clinical Teacher, pp191-197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13269
  5. Lekas HM, Pahl K and Fuller Lewis C (2020). Rethinking Cultural Competence: Shifting to Cultural Humility. Health Serv Insights. Available at: doi: 10.1177/1178632920970580
  6. Belintxon M, Carvajal A, Pumar-Méndez MJ, Rayon-Valpuesta E, Velasco TR, Belintxon U, Dogra N, Vidaurreta M, Bermejo-Martins E and Lopez-Dicastillo OA (2021). Valid and reliable scale to assess cultural sensibility in nursing. Nurse Educ Today. Available at: doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105001
  7. Curtis E, Jones R, Leach D, Walker C, Loring B, Paine S and Reid P (2019). Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity: a literature review and recommended definition. International Journal for Equity in Health. Available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1082
  8. Kumagai AK, Lypson ML (2009). Beyond Cultural Competence: Critical Consciousness, Social Justice, and Multicultural Education. Academic Medicine, pp 782-787. Available at: DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a42398