References February 25 - issue 196

UP FRONT from the Editor

  1. Daylight Savings Time: Why the clocks changing can affect our health. https://patient.info/news-and-features/daylight-savings-time-why-the-clocks-changing-can-affect-our-health

  2. British Summer Time - Historic UK. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/British-Summer-Time/

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING: THE FUTURE OR MARKETING FLUFF?

  1. Berry SE et al (2020). Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nat Med 26, 964-973. doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0

  2. Zeevi D et al (2015). Personalised Nutrition by Prediction of Glycaemic Responses. Cell. 163(5):1079-1094. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001

  3. Bermingham KM et al (2024). Effects of a personalised nutrition program on cardiometabolic health: a randomised controlled trial. Nat Med 30, 1888-1897. doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02951-6

COVER STORY: THE MCT KETOGENIC DIET AS A THERAPY FOR EPILEPSY: A FLEXIBLE APPROACH by Hanna Laming RD

  1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022). Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: NICE guidelines [NG217]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33

  2. Kossoff EH, Rho JM. Ketogenic diets: Evidence for short- and long-term efficacy. Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Apr;6(2):406-14

  3. Rühling MR, Hartmann H, Das AM. Simplification of Dietary Treatment in Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy: Impact of C8 and C10 Fatty Acids on Sirtuins of Neuronal Cells In Vitro. Nutrients. 2024;16(11):1678

  4. Liu YC. Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49:33-6

  5. Neal EG, Chaffe H, Schwartz RH, Lawson MS, Edwards N, Fitzsimmons G et al. A randomised trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 May;50(5):1109-17

NUTRITION AND HYDRATION WEEK 2025

  1. nutritionandhydrationweek.co.uk

  2. https://www.bapen.org.uk/malnutrition/introduction-to-malnutrition/

  3. Kujawowicz K, Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Cyuńczyk M, Witkowska AM. Identifying Malnutrition Risk in the Elderly: A Single- and Multi-Parameter Approach. Nutrients. 2024 Aug 2;16(15):2537. doi: 10.3390/nu16152537. PMID: 39125416; PMCID: PMC11314023.

  4. https://www.bda.uk.com/practice-and-education/the-nutrition-and-hydration-digest/the-significance-of-nutrition-and-hydration.html#Low-intake%20dehydration

NUTRITION & HYDRATION by Ananya Bhattacharya

Useful resources

  1. Jéquier, E., & Constant, F. (2010). Water as an essential nutrient: The physiological basis of hydration
    Grandjean, A. C., Reimers, K. J., & Buyckx, M. E. (2003). Hydration: Issues for the 21st century.#

  2. Sawka, M. N., Cheuvront, S. N., & Kenefick, R. W. (2005). Hypohydration and human performance: Impact of environment and physiological mechanisms. 

  3. Shirreffs, S. M. (2009). Hydration in sport and exercise: Water, sports drinks, and other beverages

  4. Mooventhan, A., & Nivethitha, L. (2014). Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on systems of the body.

Primal Factors of Nutrition :

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Healthy Diet. 

  2. Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D Deficiency. 

  3. Grandner, M. A. (2017). Sleep, Health, and Society. 

  4. Popkin, B. M., D’Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010). Water, Hydration, and Health. 

  5. Pereira, M. A., & Flock, M. R. (2012). Nutrition and Physical Activity in Chronic Disease Prevention. 

  6. WHO (2019). Environmental Health Risks. 

ELDERLY MALNUTRITION by Leanne Thompson

  1. World Health Organisation. Ageing and Health. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

  2. BAPEN (2018). Managing malnutrition to improve lives and save money. www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/reports/mag/managing-malnutrition.pdf

  3. ESPEN. Cederholm et al (2015). Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition – An ESPEN Consensus Statement

  4. Age UK (2022). www.ageuk.org.uk/latest-press/articles/2022/one-in-ten-uk-older-people-are-reducing-or-stopping-their-social-care-or-expect-to-do-so-in-the-coming-months-as-they-struggle-with-the-cost-of-living/#x__edn1

  5. NICE guidelines. Quality standard [QS24] Nutrition support in adults. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs24/chapter/quality-statement-1-screening-for-the-risk-of-malnutrition

  6. Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) for the diagnosis of malnutrition – a framework for consistent dietetic practice. Rothenberg, Elisabet et al. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, Volume 60, 261-265. https://clinicalnutritionespen.com/article/S2405-4577(24)00033-0/fulltext

  7. Vizard P and Burchardt T. For Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion LSE (2015). Older people’s experiences of dignity and nutrition during hospital stays: Secondary data analysis using the Adult Inpatient Survey. Available from: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport91.pdf

  8. Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Goisser S, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, Maggio M, Raynaud-Simon A, Sieber CC, Sobotka L, van Asselt D, Wirth R, Bischoff SC (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clinical Nutrition, 38, pp 10-47

FROM THE WILTSHIRE FARM FOODS DIETITIANS: DIET AND AGEING: PROMOTING OPTIMAL NUTRITION by Sophia Cornelius

  1. Malnutrition Task Force. State of the Nation: Older people and malnutrition in the UK today [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Feb 4]. Available from: www.malnutritiontaskforce.org.uk/sites/default/files/2021-10/State%20of%20the%20Nation%202020%20F%20revise.pdf

  2. A J Mayhew, K Amog, S Phillips, G Parise, P D McNicholas, R J de Souza, L Thabane, P Raina. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age and Ageing, Volume 48, Issue 1, January 2019, Pages 48-56.https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy106

  3. Patel L. Addressing sarcopenia [Internet]. British Dietetic Association; 2023 Jun 14 [cited 2025 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/addressing-sarcopenia.html

  4. Stover PJ. Vitamin B12 and older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):24-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333d157. PMID: 19904199; PMCID: PMC5130103.

  5. British Dietetic Association. Small steps to a healthier you [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.bda.uk.com/food-health/your-health/small-steps-to-a-healthier-you.html

INFANT FEEDING: THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY NUTRITION by Shabana Kousar

  1. Abuogi L, Noble L and Smith C. Infant feeding for persons living with and at risk for HIV in the United States: clinical report. Pediatrics, 2024. 153(6): p e2024066843

  2. McKinney J, Mirani G and Levison J. Providers have a responsibility to discuss options for infant feeding with pregnant people with human immunodeficiency virus in high-income countries. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2023. 76(3): p 535-539

  3. WHO. Breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_2

  4. AHP. Newborn and infant breastfeeding. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/newborn-and-infant-nutrition/newborn-and-infant-breastfeeding/

  5. WHO. Horta BL, Vitora CG. Long-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/79198/9789241505307_eng.pdf;jsessionid=2C2120541C25097438C802992F1C68DD?sequence=1

  6. Jackson L et al. Guilt, shame, and postpartum infant feeding outcomes: A systematic review. Maternal & child nutrition, 2021. 17(3): p e13141

  7. WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/373358/9789240081864-eng.pdf

  8. WHO (2017). Continued breastfeeding for healthy growth and development of children. Biological, behavioural and contextual rationale. https://www.who.int/tools/elena/bbc/continued-breastfeeding

  9. Tucker Z. and O’Malley C. Mental health benefits of breastfeeding: a literature review. Cureus, 2022. 14(9)

  10. Prentice AM. Breastfeeding in the modern world. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2022. 78(Suppl. 2): p 29-38

  11. Jiang H et al. Development of the digestive system in early infancy and nutritional management of digestive problems in breastfed and formula-fed infants. Food & function, 2022. 13(3): p 1062-1077

  12. Pärnänen KM et al. Early-life formula feeding is associated with infant gut microbiota alterations and an increased antibiotic resistance load. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. 115(2): p 407-421

  13. Tahir MJ et al. Associations of breastfeeding or formula feeding with infant anthropometry and body composition at 6 months. Maternal & child nutrition, 2021. 17(2): p e13105

  14. Baldassarre ME et al. Complementary feeding in preterm infants: a position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2022. 48(1): p 143

FUNCTIONAL FOODS: DEFINITION AND HEALTH BENEFITS by Madi Myers

  1. Lang T. Functional foods. BMJ. 2007 May 19;334(7602):1015-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39212.592477

  2. FAO Terminology Portal. Functional Foods. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faoterm/viewentry/en/?entryId=170967#:~:text=Definition,prevention%20and%20treatment%20of%20disease

  3. European Commission. Functional Foods. Available at: https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/238407ee-0301-4309-9fac-e180e33a3f89.0001.02/DOC_1

  4. Ras et al (2014). LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr. 112:214–219. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514000750

  5. Department of Health and Social Care. Great Britain nutrition and health claims (NHC) register. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-britain-nutrition-and-health-claims-nhc-register

  6. Leeuwendaal et al (2022). Fermented Foods, Health and the Gut Microbiome. Nutrients. 6;14(7):1527. doi: 10.3390/nu14071527

  7. International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Prebiotics. Available at: https://isappscience.org/for-scientists/resources/prebiotics/

  8. Krikorian et al (2022). Blueberry Supplementation in Midlife for Dementia Risk Reduction. Nutrients. 14(8):1619. doi: 10.3390/nu14081619

  9. Lukkunaprasit et al (2023). An updated meta-analysis of effects of curcumin on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease based on available evidence from Iran and Thailand. Sci Rep. 13:5824. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33023-3

  10. Advertising Standards Authority. Food: Functional foods. Available at: https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/food-functional-foods.html

 THE FUTURE OF NEWBORN SCREENING: THE ROLE OF WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING by Julia Ackrill

  1. Leblond et al, Co-creating the experience of consent for Newborn Genome Sequencing:The Generation Study, Public Health Genomics (2024) 27(1):210-227 (Leblond, Galati et al. 2024) 1:Leblond, M., M. Galati, J. Roberts, H. Etheredge, N. Willacy, O. Ozkurt and A. Pichini (2024). "Co-Creating the Experience of Consent for Newborn Genome Sequencing: The Generation Study." Public Health Genomics 27(1): 210-227.

  2. NHS England: National Genomics Education programme: www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk

  3. Lombardo et al, Policy making and implementation for newborn bloodspot screening in Europe: a comparison between EURODIS principles and UK practice: The Lancet Regional Health -Europe (2023);33:100714(Lombardo, Seedat et al. 2023) 3:Lombardo, S., F. Seedat, D. Elliman and J. Marshall (2023). "Policy-making and implementation for newborn bloodspot screening in Europe: a comparison between EURORDIS principles and UK practice." Lancet Reg Health Eur 33: 100714.

  4. Genomics England.co.uk

  5. Department of Health and Social Care. Policy paper: England Rare Diseases Action Plan: 2024 Main report

  6.  NHS England: National Genomics Education programme

  7. Gray et al (Gray, Patnick et al. 2008) 7:Gray, J. A., J. Patnick and R. G. Blanks (2008). "Maximising benefit and minimising harm of screening." BMJ 336(7642): 480-483.

  8. Berg 2017 NBS (Berg, Agrawal et al. 2017) Ref 8: Berg, J. S., P. B. Agrawal, D. B. Bailey, Jr., A. H. Beggs, S. E. Brenner, A. M. Brower, J. A. Cakici, O. Ceyhan-Birsoy, K. Chan, F. Chen, R. J. Currier, D. Dukhovny, R. C. Green, J. Harris-Wai, I. A. Holm, B. Iglesias, G. Joseph, S. F. Kingsmore, B. A. Koenig, P. Y. Kwok, J. Lantos, S. J. Leeder, M. A. Lewis, A. L. McGuire, L. V. Milko, S. D. Mooney, R. B. Parad, S. Pereira, J. Petrikin, B. C. Powell, C. M. Powell, J. M. Puck, H. L. Rehm, N. Risch, M. Roche, J. T. Shieh, N. Veeraraghavan, M. S. Watson, L. Willig, T. W. Yu, T. Urv and A. L. Wise (2017). "Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health." Pediatrics 139(2).

  9.  NB Seq project (Adhikari, Gallagher et al. 2020) :Adhikari, A. N., R. C. Gallagher, Y. Wang, R. J. Currier, G. Amatuni, L. Bassaganyas, F. Chen, K. Kundu, M. Kvale, S. D. Mooney, R. L. Nussbaum, S. S. Randi, J. Sanford, J. T. Shieh, R. Srinivasan, U. Sunderam, H. Tang, D. Vaka, Y. Zou, B. A. Koenig, P. Y. Kwok, N. Risch, J. M. Puck and S. E. Brenner (2020). "The role of exome sequencing in newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism." Nat Med 26(9): 1392-1397.

  10. Nc Nexus (Roman, Crowley et al. 2020).

    Roman, T. S., S. B. Crowley, M. I. Roche, A. K. M. Foreman, J. M. O'Daniel, B. A. Seifert, K. Lee, A. Brandt, C. Gustafson, D. M. DeCristo, N. T. Strande, L. Ramkissoon, L. V. Milko, P. Owen, S. Roy, M. Xiong, R. S. Paquin, R. M. Butterfield, M. A. Lewis, K. J. Souris, D. B. Bailey, Jr., C. Rini, J. K. Booker, B. C. Powell, K. E. Weck, C. M. Powell and J. S. Berg (2020). "Genomic Sequencing for Newborn Screening: Results of the NC NEXUS Project." Am J Hum Genet 107(4): 596-611.

  11. Genetti, C. A., T. S. Schwartz, J. O. Robinson, G. E. VanNoy, D. Petersen, S. Pereira, S. Fayer, H. A. Peoples, P. B. Agrawal, W. N. Betting, I. A. Holm, A. L. McGuire, S. E. Waisbren, T. W. Yu, R. C. Green, A. H. Beggs, R. B. Parad and T. BabySeq Project (2019). "Parental interest in genomic sequencing of newborns: enrollment experience from the BabySeq Project." Genet Med 21(3): 622-630.

FROM DIET TO DISEASE: THE LINK BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL AND HEART HEALTH Shazia Faisal, RD

  1.  https://www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/our-research/heart-statistics

  2. NICE guidance (CG181), Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification

  3. Schade DS, Shey L, Eaton RP. Cholesterol Review: A Metabolically Important Molecule. Endocr Pract. 2020 Dec;26(12):1514-1523. Doi: 10.4158/EP-2020-0347. PMID: 33471744.

  4. Antoni R. Dietary saturated fat and cholesterol: cracking the myths around eggs and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2023;12:e97. Doi:10.1017/jns.2023.82

  5. Shi Q, Chen J, Zou X, Tang X. Intracellular Cholesterol Synthesis and Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Mar 21;10:819281. Doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819281. PMID: 35386193; PMCID: PMC8978673

  6. Kumar R, Chhillar N, Gupta DS, Kaur G, Singhal S, Chauhan T. Cholesterol Homeostasis, Mechanisms of Molecular Pathways, and Cardiac Health: A Current Outlook. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024 Jan;49(1 Pt B):102081. Doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102081. Epub 2023 Sep 14. PMID: 37716543.

  7. Liu C, Dhindsa D, Almuwaqqat Z, et al. Association Between High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-risk Populations. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(7):672–680. Doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0912

  8. Feig JE, Feig JL, Dangas GD. The role of HDL in plaque stabilization and regression: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Coron Artery Dis. 2016 Nov;27(7):592-603. Doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000408. PMID: 27414247; PMCID: PMC5042826.

  9. NHS (2021). “Cholesterol Levels and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.” Retrieved from: https://www.nhs.uk

  10. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-cholesterol/cholesterol-levels/

  11. Fernandez ML, Murillo AG. Is There a Correlation between Dietary and Blood Cholesterol? Evidence from Epidemiological Data and Clinical Interventions. Nutrients. 2022 May 23;14(10):2168. Doi: 10.3390/nu14102168. PMID: 35631308; PMCID: PMC9143438.

  12. Soliman GA. Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 16;10(6):780. doi: 10.3390/nu10060780. PMID: 29914176; PMCID: PMC6024687.

  13. Carson JAS, Lichtenstein AH, Anderson CAM, Appel LJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Meyer KA, Petersen K, Polonsky T, Van Horn L; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Stroke Council. Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Jan 21;141(3):e39-e53. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31838890

  14. Carter S, Connole ES, Hill AM, Buckley JD, Coates AM. Eggs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Update of Recent Evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2023 Jul;25(7):373-380. Doi: 10.1007/s11883-023-01109-y. Epub 2023 May 23. PMID: 37219706; PMCID: PMC10285014.

  15. Li MY, Chen JH, Chen C, Kang YN. Association between Egg Consumption and Cholesterol Concentration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 4;12(7):1995. Doi: 10.3390/nu12071995. PMID: 32635569; PMCID: PMC7400894.

  16. Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Cornelis MC, et al. Associations of Dietary Cholesterol or Egg Consumption With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. JAMA. 2019;321(11):1081–1095. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.1572

  17. SACN (2019). Saturated fats and health. At: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/saturated-fats-and-health-sacn-report

  18. https://www.heartuk.org.uk/dietary-recommendations/dietary-fat-recommendations

  19. Janse Van Rensburg WJ. Lifestyle Change Alone Sufficient to Lower Cholesterol in Male Patient With Moderately Elevated Cholesterol: A Case Report. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2018 Oct 19;13(2):148-155. Doi: 10.1177/1559827618806841. PMID: 30800020; PMCID: PMC6378490.

  20. Poobalan A, Aucott L, Smith WC, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J, Grant AM. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term lipid outcomes—a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2004 Feb;5(1):43-50. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00127.x. PMID: 14969506.

THE LAST WORD: RAMADAN AND BREASTFEEDING by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Kridli SA. Health beliefs and practices of Muslim women during Ramadan. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011 Jul-Aug;36(4):216-21; quiz 222-3. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0b013e3182177177. PMID: 21709516

  2. Shiekh K. Medical issues and Ramadan. JAMA .2006;295:498

  3. Lönerdal O. Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition. J Nutr1986; 116: 499-513

  4. Subcommittee on Nutrition During Lactation. Nutrition During Lactation. National Academy Press, Washington, 1991

  5. Rakicioğlu N, Samur G, Topçu A, Topçu AA. The effect of Ramadan on maternal nutrition and composition of breast milk. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun;48(3):278-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02204. x. PMID: 16732795

  6. Başıbüyük M, Aktaç Ş, Kundakçı S, Büke Ö, Karabayır N. Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Breast Milk. Breastfeed Med. 2023 Aug;18(8):596-601. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0144. PMID: 37615571

  7. Abolfazl Khoshdel, Mostafa Najafi, Soleiman Kheiri, Elham Taheri, Jafar Nasiri, Hosein Yousofi, Amirgholi Jafari. Impact of Maternal Ramadan Fasting on Growth Parameters in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26490146_Impact_of_Maternal_Ramadan_Fasting_on_Growth_Parameters_in_Exclusively_Breast-fed_Infants

  8. A Bener A, Galadari S, Gillett M, Osman N, Al-Taneiji H, Al-Kuwaiti MHH, Al-Sabosy MMA. Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan does not change the composition of breast milk. Nutrition Research, Vol 21, Issue 6, 2001, pp 859-864,ISSN 0271-5317

  9. Nusrat Lakho, Saira Saeed, Anila Mahmood, Shabana Lakho, Chandra Madhu Das, Najma Banoshaikh. Health Beliefs and Breastfeeding Practices During Ramadan Fasting