References November 2023 - issue 184

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - CANNABIDIOL (CBD) – MARIJUANA MIRACLE OR HEALTH NONSENSE?

  1. Belgers et al (2023). Cannabinoids to Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Neurological or Oncological Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 8(1):41-55
  2. Talwar et al (2023). Clinical efficacy and safety of cannabidiol for paediatric refractory epilepsy indications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Neurol. 114238
  3. Häuser et al (2023). Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (6):CD014915
  4. Spanagel and Bilbao (2021). Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes – Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite. Neuropharmacology. 196:108680
  5. Blessing et al (2015). Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 12(4):825-36
  6. Fazlollahi et al (2023). Adverse Events of Cannabidiol Use in Patients With Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 6(4):e239126
  7. Lo et al (2023). Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 293(6):724-752
  8. Bonn-Miller et al (2017). Labelling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online. JAMA. 318(17):1708-1709

THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS by Laura Kaar

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  2. HIV in the UK | aidsmap. https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/hiv-uk
  3. Life expectancy for people living with HIV | aidsmap. https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/life-expectancy-people-living-hiv
  4. Li R, Duffee D, Gbadamosi-Akindele MF. CD4 Count. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022. PMID: 29262137
  5. CD4 cell counts | aidsmap. https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/cd4-cell-counts
  6. Elfstrand L and Florén H (2010). Management of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: Current treatment options, challenges and future directions. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 2,219-224. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S13191
  7. Hosain Pour A, Salari S, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients and non-HIV subjects in the Southeast of Iran. Curr Med Mycol. 2018 Dec;4(4):1-6. doi: 10.18502/cmm.4.4.379. PMID: 30815610; PMCID: PMC6386505
  8. S FA, Madhu M, Udaya Kumar V, Dhingra S, Kumar N, Singh S, Ravichandiran V, Murti K. Nutritional Aspects of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: an insight. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2022;8(5):350-364. doi: 10.1007/s40495-022-00301-z. Epub 2022 Aug 6. PMID: 35966952; PMCID: PMC9362559
  9. Peltenburg NC, Schoeman JC, Hou J, Mora F, Harms AC, Lowe SH, Bierau J, Bakker JA., Verbon A, Hankemeier T, Boonstra A (2018). Persistent metabolic changes in HIV-infected patients during the first year of combination antiretroviral therapy. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35271-0
  10. Kumar S and Samaras K (2018). The Impact of Weight Gain During HIV Treatment on Risk of Pre-diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 409993. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00705
  11. Masenga SK, Elijovich F, Koethe JR et al. Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome in Persons with HIV. Curr Hypertens Rep 22, 78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-020-01089-3
  12. Whiteley LB, Olsen EM, Haubrick KK et al. A Review of Interventions to Enhance HIV Medication Adherence. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 18, 443-457 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00568-9
  13. Katz IT, Ryu AE, Onuegbu AG, Psaros C, Weiser SD, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC. Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013 Nov 13;16(3 Suppl 2):18640. doi: 10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640. PMID: 24242258; PMCID: PMC3833107
  14. Sweeney SM and Vanable PA (2016). The Association of HIV-Related Stigma to HIV Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of the Literature. AIDS and Behavior, 20(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1164-1
  15. Ockenga J, Grimble R, Jonkers-Schuitema C, Macallan D, Melchior JC, Sauerwein HP, Schwenk A; DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine); Süttmann U; ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Wasting in HIV and other chronic infectious diseases. Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):319-29. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.016. Epub 2006 May 15. PMID: 16698147.
  16. Food and water safety for people living with HIV | aidsmap. https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/food-and-water-safety-people-living-hiv

CHRONO-NUTRITION: TIME-RESTRICTED EATING AND HEALTH by Sarah Delvin, ANutr

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  5. Espelund U, Hansen TK, Højlund K et al. Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 Feb;90(2):741-6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0604. Epub 2004 Nov 2. PMID: 15522942.
  6. Gill S, Panda S. A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans that Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits. Cell Metab 2015 Nov 3;22(5):789-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005. Epub 2015 Sep 24. PMID: 26411343; PMCID: PMC4635036.
  7. An R, Shi Y, Clarke C et al. Night-time eating and body weight status among US adults, 2007-2016. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019 Dec;32(6):754-764. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12671. Epub 2019 May 29. PMID: 31144413.
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  9. Garaulet M, Madrid JA. Chronobiological aspects of nutrition, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010 Jul 31;62(9-10):967-78. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.005. Epub 2010 May 24. PMID: 20580916.
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  11. Frank J, Gupta A, Osadchiy V et al. Brain-Gut-Microbiome Interactions and Intermittent Fasting in Obesity. Nutrients 2021 Feb 10;13(2):584. doi: 10.3390/nu13020584. PMID: 33578763; PMCID: PMC7916460.
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  13. Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F et al. Time-Restricted Eating to Improve Cardiovascular Health. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021 Mar 26;23(5):22. doi: 10.1007/s11883-021-00922-7. PMID: 33772388; PMCID: PMC8218778.
  14. Soliman GA. Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating role in dietary interventions and precision nutrition. Front Public Health 2022 Oct 28;10:1017254. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017254. PMID: 36388372; PMCID: PMC9650338.
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SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME: A RARE DIGESTIVE CONDITION by Chloé McMurray, RD

  1. National Organisation for Rare Disorders (NORD) (2022). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome. Available from: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome/#therapies
  2. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Centre (no date). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome. Available from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7712/superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome
  3. Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Research, Awareness, and Support (2021). Adult SMAS. Available from https://www.smasyndrome.org/
  4. Nasser S et al (2021). Ligament of Treitz: Anatomy, Relevance of Radiologic Findings, and Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. American Journal of Roentgenology. 216:927-934. doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23273
  5. Bhagirath Desai A et al (2015). Measurement of the Distance and Angle Between the Aorta and Superior Mesenteric Artery on CT Scan: Values in Indian Population in Different BMI Categories. The Indian journal of surgery, 77(Suppl 2), 614-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-013-0941-1
  6. Sophia R and Bashir WA (2012). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome. New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology, 18:415-419. Available from: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35458/InTech-Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome.pdf
  7. Laique SN et al (2020). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: An Unusual Cause of Abdominal Pain. Cureus, 12(11), e11505. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11505
  8. Welsch T et al (2007). Recalling Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome. Digestive Surgery, 24 (3): 149-156 https://doi.org/10.1159/000102097


EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION AND CROHN’S DISEASE REMISSION by Hazel Clarke, RD

  1. Narula N, Dhillon A, Zhang D, Sherlock ME, Tondeur M, Zachos M. Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 1;4(4): CD000542. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000542.pub3. PMID: 29607496; PMCID: PMC6494406
  2. Lomer MCE, Wilson B, Wall CL. British Dietetic Association consensus guidelines on the nutritional assessment and dietary management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2023 Feb; 36(1):336-377. doi: 10.1111/jhn.13054. Epub 2022 Jul 21. PMID: 35735908; PMCID: PMC10084145
  3. Bischoff SC, Escher J, Hébuterne X, Kłęk S, Krznaric Z, Schneider S, Shamir R, Stardelova K, Wierdsma N, Wiskin AE, Forbes A. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2020 Mar; 39(3): 632-653. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.002. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 32029281
  4. Walton C, Montoya M, Fowler D et al. Enteral feeding reduces metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome in Crohn’s disease: an observational study. Eur J Clin Nutr 70, 1052-1056 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.74
  5. Bamba T, Shimoyama T, Sasaki M, Tsujikawa T, Fukuda Y, Koganei K, et al. Dietary fat attenuates the benefits of an elemental diet in active Crohn's disease: a randomised, controlled trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2003;15(2):151-7
  6. Alhagamhmad MH. Enteral Nutrition in the Management of Crohn's Disease: Reviewing Mechanisms of Actions and Highlighting Potential Venues for Enhancing the Efficacy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2018 Aug; 33(4): 483-492. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10004. Epub 2018 Jan 11. PMID: 29323428
  7. Ashton JJ, Gavin J, Beattie RM. Exclusive enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease: Evidence and practicalities. Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb; 38(1): 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.020. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29398336
  8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Crohn’s Disease Management (2019). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng129
  9. Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2021;68:s1-s106
  10. Simpson K, Inniss S, Fragkos KC, Wood CPJ, Smith A, Rahman FZ. P508 Sarcopenia is associated with increased rates of infectious post-operative complications in Crohn’s disease patients. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Volume 17, Issue Supplement 1, February 2023, pp i639-i640
  11. University of Birmingham. OCEaN: Optimisation before Crohn's surgery using Exclusive enteral Nutrition. birmingham.ac.uk/research/bctu/trials/coloproctology/ocean/index.aspx

DISORDERED EATING IN PREGNANCY: PREGOREXIA by Oana Oancea, RD

  1. Lindberg S (2020, September 28). Could you be experiencing “Pregorexia?” Here’s how to break the cycle. Healthline. Retrieved September 28th, 2021
  1. Mathieu J (2009). What Is Pregorexia? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(6), 976-979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.04.021
  2. National Eating Disorders Association (2018, February 22). Pregnancy and Eating Disorders. www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/pregnancy-and-eating-disorders
  3. Pregorexia: A legitimate problem during pregnancy? (2020, December 11). Mayo Clinic. www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregorexia/faq-20058356?reDate=23112021
  4. The Effects Of Eating Disorders In Pregnancy on Mother and Baby: A Review (2019). Psychiatria Danubina. Published. www.psychiatria-danubina.com/UserDocsImages/pdf/dnb_vol31_noSuppl%203/dnb_vol31_noSuppl%203_615.pdf
  5. National Eating Disorders Association. (2018a, February 22). Health Consequences. www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/health-consequences
  6. Coker E and Abraham S (2015). Body weight dissatisfaction before, during and after pregnancy: a comparison of women with and without eating disorders. Eating and weight disorders: EWD, 20(1), 71-79

TREATING MALNUTRITION: FOOD FIRST OR ONS? by Leanne Thompson, RD

  1. Living Longer. Office for National Statistics (2018). Accessed January 2023, from ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/articles/livinglongerhowourpopulationischangingandwhyitmatters/2018-08-13
  2. Cost of malnutrition: www.bapen.org.uk/resources-and-education/publications-and-reports/malnutrition/cost-of-malnutrition-in-england
  3. BAPEN “MUST” https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must-full.pdf
  4. Baldwin C and Weekes CE (2012). Dietary counselling with or without oral nutritional supplements in the management of malnourished patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 25: 411-426

THE RISE IN FOOD ALLERGY: WHICH THEORY WOULD YOU PICK? by Ellie-May Evans, RD

  1. NICE: Overview: Food allergy in under 19s: Assessment and diagnosis: Guidance (2011) NICE. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG116 (Accessed: 25 September 2023)
  2. NHS Digital (2019). Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/find-data-and-publications/supplementary-information/2019-supplementary-information-files/hospital-admissions-for-allergies-and-anaphylactic-shock (Accessed: 25 September 2023)
  3. Lack G (2012). Update on risk factors for food allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 129(5), pp 1187-1197. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.036
  4. Du Toit G et al (2015). Randomised trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), pp 803-813. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414850
  5. Stiemsma L et al (2015). The Hygiene Hypothesis: Current Perspectives and Future Therapies. ImmunoTargets and Therapy, pp 143. doi:10.2147/itt.s61528
  6. van Tilburg Bernardes E and Arrieta M-C (2017). Hygiene hypothesis in asthma development: is hygiene to blame? Archives of Medical Research, 48(8), pp 717-726. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.009
  7. Alexandre-Silva GM et al (2018). The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies. Acta Tropica, 188, pp 16-26. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.032
  8. Rook GA et al (2004). Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, 25(3-4), pp 237-255. doi:10.1007/s00281-003-0148-9
  9. Hirsch AG et al (2016). Early-life antibiotic use and subsequent diagnosis of food allergy and allergic diseases. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 47(2), pp 236-244. doi:10.1111/cea.12807
  10. Camargo CA et al (2007). Regional differences in epipen prescriptions in the United States: the potential role of Vitamin D. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 120(1), pp 131-136. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.049
  11. Mullins RJ, Clark S and Camargo CA (2009). Regional variation in epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions in Australia: More evidence for the vitamin D–anaphylaxis hypothesis’, Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 103(6), pp. 488–495. doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60265-7
  12. Mullins RJ et al (2011). Season of birth and childhood food allergy in Australia. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 22(6), pp 583-589. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01151.x
  13. Junge KM et al (2016). Increased vitamin D levels at birth and in early infancy increase offspring allergy risk – evidence for involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(2), pp 610-613. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.040
  14. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Vitamin D and Health 2016. Available from: gov.uk/government/groups/scientific-advisory-committee-on-nutrition. Accessed 25/09/2023
  15. Żukiewicz-Sobczak WA et al (2013). Causes, symptoms and prevention of food allergy, Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 2, pp 113-116. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.34162
  16. Chad Z (2001). Allergies in children. Paediatrics Child Health, 6(8), pp 555-566. doi:10.1093/pch/6.8.555

THE INTRODUCTION OF ALLERGENS DURING WEANING by Aliya Porter, RNutr

  1. NHS (2023) How to Start Weaning Your Baby found at: https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/weaning/how-to-start-weaning-your-baby/ Accessed on 29th June 2023
  2. NHS (2021) Food Allergies in Babies and Young Children. Found at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/weaning-and-feeding/food-allergies-in-babies-and-young-children/ Accessed 29th May 2023
  3. BSACI (2018) Preventing Food Allergy In Your Baby: A Summary For Parents. Found at https://www.bsaci.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/pdf_Infant-feeding-and-allergy-prevention-PARENTS-FINAL-booklet.pdf. Accessed 29th May 2023
  4. AllergyUK (2023) Statistics and Figures. Accessed at https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/ on 29th May 2023
  5. Roberts G. et al (2022) Defining the window of opportunity and target populations to prevent peanut allergy. JACI – Food Allergy and Gastrointestinal Disease. Volume 151. Issue 3. P1329-1336 https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(22)01656-6/fulltext
  6. Food Standards Agency  (2011) The prevalence of food allergy and weaning practices in a birth cohort of UK infants by Roberts et al. Accessed at https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/t07046report.pdf on 29th May 2023
  7. Scarpone R, Kimkool P, Ierodiakonou D, et al. (2023) Timing of Allergenic Food Introduction and Risk of Immunoglobulin E–Mediated Food Allergy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(5):489–497. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2802512
  8. Conaway, B (2022) Allergies and Eczema: What’s the Link? Accessed at  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-allergies-link#:~:text=A%20lack%20of%20filaggrin%20dries,to%20get%20into%20the%20body on 29th May 2023
  9. Rona RJ, Keil T, Summers C, Gislason D, Zuidmeer L, Sodergren E, et al. The prevalence of food allergy: a meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol  2007;120:638-46.


NUTRITION AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE by Katy Stuart RD

  1. Kovesdy C (2011). Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney, Int. Suppl. 12(1): 7-11. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9073222
  2. Kerr M (2017). Chronic Kidney Disease in England: The Human and Financial Cost. Insight Health Economics. Accessed online: https://www.england.nhs.uk/improvement-hub/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2017/11/Chronic-Kidney-Disease-in-England-The-Human-and-Financial-Cost.pdf
  3. Naber T, Purohit S (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Diet For A Reduction Of The Severity Of The Disease. Nutrients. 13(9): 3277. Accessed online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579153/
  4. Prevention Chronic Kidney Disease (2022). Accessed online: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/prevention/
  5. Ko G, Rhee C, Kalanter-Zadah K, Joshi S (2021). The Effects of High Protein Diets on Kidney Health and Longevity. J Am Soc Neprhol. 31(8): 1667-1679. Accessed online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32669325/
  6. Levey A, Greene T, Beck G, Caggiula A, Kusek J, Hunsicker L, Khlar S (1999). Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: what have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study group. J Am Soc Nephrol (10)11: 2426-39. Accessed online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10541304/
  7. Gonzalez-Parra E, Gracia-Igquacel C, Egido J, Ortiz A (2012). Phosphorus and Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Nephrol 30(5): 597-605. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3369467/
  8. Slee A (2012). Exploring Metabolic Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutr Metab 9:36 Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3407016/
  9. Inker L, Astor B, Fox C, Peralta C, Tamura M, Feldman H (2012). KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. America Journal of Kidney Diseases. 6(5): 713-735. Accessed online: https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(14)00491-0/fulltext
  10. Shaman A, Kowalski S (2016). Hyperphosphetemia Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Saudi Pharm J. 24(4): 494-505. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908098/#:~:text=Hyperphosphatemia%20in%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,of%20secondary%20hyperparathyroidism%20(SHPT)
  11. Hruska K, Mathew S, Lund R, Qiu P, Pratt R (2008). Hyperphosphatemia of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 74(2):148-157. Accessed online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815532808
  12. Elkins L (2015). Your Kidney Friendly Food Plan: Managing Phosphorus. American Kidney Fund. Accessed online: https://www.kidneyfund.org/article/your-kidney-friendly-food-plan-managing-phosphorus
  13. Chan S (2017). Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Aust Prescr. 40(1): 10-14. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313253/
  14. Bianchi S. Aucella F, De Nicola L, Genovesi S, Poaletti E, Regolisti G (2019). Management of Hyperkalaemia in patients with kidney disease: a position paper endorsed by the Italian Society of Nephrology. J Nephrol 32(4): 499-516. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6588653/
  15. Davita (2022). Potassium and Chronic Kidney Disease. Accessed online: https://www.davita.com/diet-nutrition/articles/basics/potassium-and-chronic-kidney-disease#:~:text=When%20kidneys%20fail%20they%20can,weakness%2C%20numbness%20and%20slow%20pulse.
  16. Herman L, Padala S, Ahmed I, Bashir K (2022). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Published by StatPearls. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431051/#:~:text=Angiotensin%2Dconverting%20enzyme%20inhibitors%20(ACEIs,%2C%20and%20hypertension.%5B1%5D
  17. Clegg D, Headley S, Germain M (2020). Impact of Dietary Potassium Restrictions in CKD on Clinical Outcomes: Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet. Kidney Med. 2(4): 476-487. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7406842/
  18. Cases A, Cigarran-Guldris S, Mas S, Gonzalez-Parra E (2019). Vegetable-Based Diets for Chronic Kidney Disease: Is it Time to Reconsider? Nutrients. 11(6): 1263. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627351/
  19. Fouque D, Pelletier S, Mafra D, Chaveau P (2011). Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease. Kid Int 80(4): 348-357. Accessed online: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)55046-1/fulltext
  20. National Kidney Federation (2023). Maintaining a Vegetarian Diet with Kidney Disease. Accessed online: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/vegetarian-diet-and-ckd
  21. Gluba-Brozazka A, Franczyk B, Rysk J (2017). A Vegetarian Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Friend or Foe? Nutrients. 9(4): 374. Accessed online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409713/
  22. org (2023). Vegetarian Diets for People with Kidney Disease. Accessed Online: https://veganhealth.org/kidney-disease/


THE LAST WORD by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Diabetes UK (2019). Number of people with diabetes reaches 4.7 million. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about_us/news/new-stats-people-living-with-diabetes
  2. Gujral U, Pradeepa R, Weber M, Naratan K and Mohan V (2013). Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and difference with white Caucasian and other populations. Available at: doi:1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06838.x
  3. Shah A, Kanaya A (2014). Diabetes and Associated Complications in the South Asian Population. Current cardiology reports. Available at: doi:1007/s11886-014-0476-5
  4. Lucas A, Murray E and Kinra S (2013). Heath Beliefs of UK South Asians Related to Lifestyle Diseases: A Review of Qualitative Literature. Journal of Obesity. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/827674
  5. Nazar C, Bojerenu M, Safdar M and Marwat J (2016). Effectiveness of diabetes education and awareness of diabetes mellitus in combating diabetes in the United Kingdom; a literature review. Journal of nephropharmacology, pp110-115. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5297564/
  6. Kumar, K., Greenfield, S., Raza, K., Gill, P. and Stach, R. (2016) ‘Understanding adherence-related beliefs about medicine amongst patients of South Asian origin with diabetes and cardiovascular disease patients: a qualitative synthesis,’ BioMed Central endocrine disorders. Available at: doi: 10.1186/s12902-016-0103-0.
  7. 8 Sohal, T., Sohal, P., King-Shier.K. and Khan, N. (2015) ‘Barriers and Facilitators for Type-2 Diabetes Management in South Asians: A Systematic Review, ’PLos One. Available at: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136202